When using dimensional measuring instruments it is assumed that there is a property of the object, which we call surface, that is present before during and after the measurement, i.e. the surface is a fundamental property of an object that can, by appropriate means, be used to measure geometry. This paper will attempt to show that the fundamental property ‘surface’ does not exist in any simple ...

Meshes made from 3D points are used to represent many important geoscience concepts such as the surface of the Earth (topography), rock strata (horizons) and faults. When creating complex computer models, a geoscientist may need to directly affect the shape of such a surface to bring in in line with other data. We present a method that allows a geoscientist to precisely interact with these surf...

The thermo-optical properties of coated surface are important for spacecraft thermal control coatings which depend on the optical properties and structure of the coating material. These coatings control the temperature by their capability of outer energy absorption and its emission. The optical properties of pigment can be improved if the pigment contains a high fraction of voids in its structu...

We give sufficient conditions for an R-covered codimension one foliation F of a closed 3-manifold to be carried by an Rcovered branched surface; that is, a branched surface carrying only foliations with the R-covered property. These conditions can be readily verified for many examples. In cases where the branched surface is generated by disks, the R-covered property is stable for F in the sense...

We study higher syzygies of a ruled surface X over a curve of genus g with the numerical invariant e. Let L ∈ PicX be a line bundle in the numerical class of aC0 + bf . We prove that for 0 ≤ e ≤ g − 2, L satisfies Property Np if a ≥ p + 2 and b − ae ≥ 3g − e + p and for e ≥ g − 1, L satisfies Property Np if a ≥ p + 2 and b − ae ≥ 2g + 1 + p. By using these facts, we obtain Mukai type results. F...

Tungsten trioxide nanoparticles with two different sizes (average particle sizes about 50 and 80 nm) were prepared by the spray pyrolysis method. Photo degradation of Congo Red (azo dye) showed that photo catalytic property of the as-prepared WO3 nanoparticles with average size about 80 nm is higher than the sample with average size about 50 nm. Photo degradation of Rhodamine B (...

In this paper we consider the open complement U of a hypersurface Y = V (a) in an affine scheme X. We study the relations between the affineness of U , the intersection of Y with closed subschemes, the property that every closed surface in U is affine, the property that every analytic closed surface is Stein and the superheight of a defining ideal a.

The purpose of this paper is to design a guidance and control system and evaluate the performance of a sample surface‑to‑surface flying object based on preset guidance with a new prospective. In this study, the main presented idea is usage of unique property of governor differential equations in order to design and develop a controlled system. Thereupon a set of system output variables have bee...