Cerebral dysgenesis encompasses varied disorders of brain development. Based on the understanding of these conditions provided by histopathologists, embryologists, radiologists and developmental pediatricians, surgeons are able to appropriately assist in the care of these patients. The surgeon can offer assessment of the ventriculomegaly that commonly accompanies cerebral dysgenesis in addition...

Wandering spleen is a clinical entity which rarely affects children and adolescents. This condition can be asymptomatic or responsible of chronic pain, but it appears as a surgical emergency when an acute twisting occurs. The risk of post-splenectomy sepsis in the pediatric population suggests a conservative approach whenever possible, and also in case of acute torsion, most authors prefer to p...

and Key Points 1. Oncology surgery includes operations to diagnose malignancy (biopsies), to remove known cancer of the primary tumor and metastases, and for palliation. 2. A fifth category of oncology surgery, reconstructive surgery, is not strictly speaking, cancer surgery, but practically all cancer operations involve some reconstruction. Frequently, plastic or vascular surgeons assist with ...

Lesions of the cervicothoracic junction have a high propensity for causing instability and present unique challenges in the surgical treatment. Several surgical approaches to this region have been described in the literature. We report our experience in the surgical treatment of six patients with unstable lesions involving the cervicothoracic junction at T1 and T2 vertebral bodies. The patients...

Ectopic mediastinal parathyroid adenomas or hyperplasias account for up to 25% of primary hyperparathyroidism cases. Most abnormal parathyroid glands are found in the superior mediastinum within the thymus and can be removed through a cervical incision; however, a few of these glands are not accessible using standard cervical surgical approaches. Surgical resection has traditionally been perfor...

Enzymatic activities are important to be quantified in products as enzymatic cleaners, which are used in medical and surgical devices reprocessing. Enzymatic activities are critical for the proper chemical cleaning that intends to remove solid organic dirt from inaccessible sites. The most important enzyme for this purpose is the protease, which is able to dissolve the main dirt attached to med...