Many birds fly non-stop for days or longer, but do they sleep in flight and if so, how? It is commonly assumed that flying birds maintain environmental awareness and aerodynamic control by sleeping with only one eye closed and one cerebral hemisphere at a time. However, sleep has never been demonstrated in flying birds. Here, using electroencephalogram recordings of great frigatebirds (Fregata ...

Whether salient objects automatically capture attention has long been the subject of considerable controversy. A possible resolution, investigated in this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, is that observers vacillate between periods when attention capture is robust and when it is minimal. Human observers searched static displays for a target circle among nontarget squares; an ...

Experimental evidence suggests that emotions can both speed-up and slow-down the internal clock. Speeding up has been observed for to-be-timed emotional stimuli that have the capacity to sustain attention, whereas slowing down has been observed for to-be-timed neutral stimuli that are presented in the context of emotional distractors. These effects have been explained by mechanisms that involve...

Attention underpins many activities integral to a child's development. However, methodological limitations currently make large-scale assessment of children's attentional skill impractical, costly and lacking in ecological validity. Consequently we developed a measure of 'Visual Motor Attention' (VMA)-a construct defined as the ability to sustain and adapt visuomotor behaviour in response to ta...

There is growing interest regarding the impact of affect-biased attention on psychopathology. However, most of the research to date lacks a developmental approach. In the present review, we examine the role affect-biased attention plays in shaping socioemotional trajectories within a developmental neuroscience framework. We propose that affect-biased attention, particularly if stable and entren...

Aim Dental caries in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder A Review Objective Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) adolescents have higher prevalence of caries. Background Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorder in which there are significant problems with executive functions (e.g., attentional control and inhibit...

This article explores the experiences of two organizations, one nonprofit and the other forprofit, seeking to create a culture of empowerment. Both organizations make a strong start and achieve significant change that is reflected in qualitative observations, quantitative measures of empowerment, and organizational performance results. The for-profit organization manages to sustain ongoing chan...

Improvised explosive devises (IEDs) represent the greatest threat to personnel deployed to combat zones. Improvements in the capacity to detect and neutralize these threats are therefore a crucial concern. Although technology can provide better protection against explosions and, perhaps, improve detection, IED detection will for the foreseeable future be dependent on the capacity of mounted and...

The role of preadjudicated juvenile detention centers (JDCs) in treating children and adolescents with mental health needs has continued to receive national attention. Legal actions mandating improved health care services over the past decade, coupled with a national focus on detainees' mental health needs, have led to the increased presence of mental health professionals in JDCs. In this conte...

The relationship between function learning and other types of concept acquisition is far from well understood. Some models of function learning have used approaches that are very different from current models of categorization, while more recent function learning models have used exemplar representations, following the categorization literature. This paper describes two new models of function l...