error is an inevitable part of life and cannot be completely eliminated, but it can be minimized. a root cause analysis is a technique for understanding the systematic error causes that is involved beyond a person or people to implement an errors and including field and environmental causes of errors when occur in this situation too. an important factor of an error occurrence is a root cause (c...

NARL has active array radar which has been designed, developed and tested at 1280 MHz. This system comprises of planar microstrip patch antenna array fed by solid-state transreceiver (TR) modules, two-dimensional (2D) passive beam forming network (BFN) and direct IF digital receiver (DRx). Errors are the common factors that affect the data. The common errors are Random errors and Systemic error...

Measurement error modeling occurs when one cannot observe a covariate, but instead has possibly replicated surrogate versions of this covariate measured with error. The vast majority of the literature in measurement error modeling assumes (typically with good reason) that given the value of the true but unobserved (latent) covariate, the replicated surrogates are unbiased for latent covariate a...

The experiments were conducted for monitoring crop area by spatial sampling methods in a winter wheat main production region with a size of 42Km×42Km in Hengshui City, Hebei Province in China to optimize designs of the frameworks and elements (sample size, sample-square dimension), based on Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. 5 sample-square dimension level...

PURPOSE To quantify the ability of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) dosimetry used during treatment (in vivo) in detecting variations that can occur in the course of patient treatment. METHODS Images of transmitted radiation from in vivo EPID measurements were converted to a 2D planar dose at isocenter and compared to the treatment planning dose using a prototype software system. Using...

Measured surface-atmosphere fluxes of energy (sensible heat,H, and latent heat, LE) and CO2 (FCO2) represent the ‘‘true’’ flux plus or minus potential random and systematic measurement errors. Here, we use data from seven sites in the AmeriFlux network, including five forested sites (two of which include ‘‘tall tower’’ instrumentation), one grassland site, and one agricultural site, to conduct ...

Enhanced Privacy ID (EPID) is a cryptographic scheme that enables the remote authentication of a hardware device while preserving the privacy of the device. EPID can be seen as a direct anonymous attestation scheme with enhanced revocation capabilities. In EPID, a device can be revoked if the private key embedded in the hardware device has been extracted and published widely so that the revocat...

Passive microwave sensors onboard satellites can provide global snow water equivalent (SWE) observations day or night, even under cloudy conditions. However, there are both systematic (bias) and random errors associated with the passive microwave measurements. While these errors are well known, they have thus far not been adequately quantified. In this study, unbiased SWE maps, random error map...