Traditional methods for identifying individual amphibians in capture–mark–recapture (CMR) studies have been primarily confined to post-metamorphic stages, using artificial markers that come with a variety of limitations. An alternative may open CMR earlier life stages involves the use species' natural external photo-based identification. In this study, we investigated whether it was possible di...

A bstract We study tadpole potentials of non-supersymmetric strings, resorting to a first-order formalism known in the literature as fake supersymmetry. present detailed analysis for vacua with only gravity and dilaton, displaying obstructions that forbid simplest inclusion form fluxes. Our focus is on codimension-one vacua, which we propose definition energy might be suitable stability argumen...

In this paper, we address whether the growth of supermassive black-holes has kept pace with the process of galaxy assembly. For this purpose, we first searched the Hubble Ultra Deep Field (HUDF) for ‘‘tadpole galaxies’’, which have a knot at one end plus an extended tail. They appear dynamically unrelaxed—presumably early-stage mergers—and make up 6% of the field galaxy population. Their redshi...

The hydrodynamics and undulating propulsion of tadpoles were studied using a newly developed two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling method. The mechanism of thrust generation associated with the flow patterns during swimming is discussed. Our CFD analysis shows that the kinematics of tadpoles is specifically matched to their special shape and produces a jet-stream propulsio...

To adaptively express inducible defenses, prey must gauge risk based on indirect cues of predation. However, the information contained in indirect cues that enable prey to fine-tune their phenotypes to variation in risk is still unclear. In aquatic systems, research has focused on cue concentration as the key variable driving threat-sensitive responses to risk. However, while risk is measured a...

A comprehensive analysis of tadpole-improved SU(2) lattice gauge theory is made. Simulations are done on isotropic and anisotropic lattices, with and without improvement. Two tadpole renormalization schemes are employed, one using average plaquettes, the other using mean links in Landau gauge. Simulations are done with spatial lattice spacings as in the range of about 0.1– 0.4 fm. Results are p...

Kin discrimination in cannibalistic tadpoles of the Green Poison Frog, Dendrobates auratus (Anura, Dendrobatidae). Cannibalizing a related individual can reduce the inclusive fitness of the cannibal. Hence, mechanisms that allow a tadpole to recognize and modify its behavior toward kin may reduce the inclusive fitness costs of cannibalism. Alternatively, ecological factors may cause preferentia...

Central respiratory chemoreceptors measure pH in the brain stem and are an integral part of the neural circuitry that modulates respiratory rhythmogenesis, specifically in response to hypercapnic acidosis. Central respiratory chemoreceptor membrane potential and/or action potential firing rate are altered in response to changes in intracellular pH (pHi), which changes with the hydration of CO2 ...

Anurans (frogs and toads) are unique among land vertebrates in possessing a free-living larval stage that, parallel to adult frogs, diversified into an impressive range of ecomorphs. The tempo and mode at which tadpole morphology evolved through anuran history as well as its relationship to lineage diversification remain elusive. We used a molecular phylogenetic framework to examine patterns of...