Social security programs in the People’s Republic of China are in transition due to a series of economic and social experiments introduced by the government since 1978 to promote modernization. These new policies will have immediate and long-term implications not only for statesector employees, who are currently covered by incomemaintenance programs, but also for the majority of aged persons, w...

this paper estimates the effects of increase in iran’s non-oil exports on its economic growth as well as sectoral outputs, using a single country, comparative static, exogenous policy computable general equilibrium (cge) model. the paper also investigates the share of tradable sectors in reaching to the targeted growth rate (8%) in 5th socio-economic development plan. for this purpose, the para...

The proposed Part E, Medicare Extra, outlined in this paper adds a comprehensive benefit option to Medicare, eliminating the need for beneficiaries to purchase a private drug plan and Medigap supplemental coverage. Financed by a budget-neutral beneficiary premium, it has the advantages of greater simplicity, efficiency, and value without adding to federal costs. Beneficiaries now enrolled in Me...

This paper examines the role of price in health insurance coverage decisions within the family to guide policy in promoting whole family coverage. We analyze the factors that affect individual health insurance coverage among families, and explore family decisions about whom to cover and whom to leave uninsured. The analysis uses household data from California combined with abstracted individual...

The vision shows the path to achieve the goals of the organization. Without vision, the direction, the tasks of organization’s units, and their contribution in each of the functions will not be clear. The reason of ineffectiveness in Construction Engineers Organization of Zanjan may be the lack of appropriate vision. In this case, the non-aligned and heterogonous efforts may cause the organizat...

BACKGROUND Cost-sharing schemes incorporating modest targeted subsidies have promoted insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) for malaria prevention in the Kilombero Valley, southern Tanzania, since 1996. Here we evaluate resulting changes in bednet coverage and malaria transmission. METHODS Bednets were sold through local agents at fixed prices representing a 34% subsidy relative to full delivery co...

Corrective taxation is a common approach to addressing externalities, internalities, and other market distortions. These distortions are often heterogeneous: for example, some cars pollute more than others, and many people consume alcohol “rationally’’ even as present biased individuals might over-consume. Such heterogeneity raises the question of whether a corrective tax is “well-targeted’’: d...

In preparation for health reform in 2014, qualitative research was conducted with Massachusetts residents to explore how to adapt surveys to accommodate reporting information about health exchanges. Questions about exchange participation were effective when state-specific exchange program names were offered, but generic terms such as "marketplace" and "exchange" did not resonate with respondent...

Many households neglect the pivotal task of planning for retirement. Proposals to stimulate employees to save for retirement in the workplace include tax subsidies, which are costly, and using automatic defaults, which may not complement the heterogeneous preferences of savers. This randomized field study shows that an information-based intervention increases reported retirement plan participat...

Between 1970 and 1986 all Canadian provinces introduced some version of a prescription drug subsidy for those age 65 or over and since 1986, all the provinces have increased copayments or deductibles to some degree. Employing a first-order approximation to the welfare gains from a subsidy, we find evidence that these subsidies have been less redistributive than an absolute per household cash tr...