Ala~traet--Errors-in-variables problems are considered for the case of three variables, where the underlying relations among the noise-free variables are linear, and covariance information for the noisy variables is available. The static problem where the variables are complex (which can arise when narrowband filtering is used) is analysed in detail. Some results are also presented for the case...

In this paper we present a method of computing the posterior probability of conditional independence of two or more continuous variables from data, examined at several resolutions. Our approach is motivated by the observation that the appearance of continuous data varies widely at various resolutions, producing very different independence estimates between the variables involved. Therefore, it ...

This paper considers specification testing for instrumental variables estimation in the presence of many instruments. The test is similar to the overidentifying restrictions test of Sargan (1958) but the test statistic asymptotically follows the standard normal distribution under the null hypothesis when the number of instruments is proportional to the sample size. It turns out that the new tes...

The liver of the cow is a cross-road of nitrogen metabolism in dairy cows. Urea is synthesized in the liver as a results of unused degradable protein in the rumen, the absorption of excess amino acids from rumen undegradable protein, and from the catabolism of amino acids that are not utilized for productive purposes. Dietary crude protein (CP, % of DM) is the one single dietary factor most clo...

In a causal graphical model, an instrument for a variable X and its effect Y is a ran­ dom variable that is a cause of X and in­ dependent of all the causes of Y except X (Pearl 1995). For continuous variables, in­ strumental variables can be used to estimate how the distribution of an effect will respond to a manipulation of its causes, even in the presence of unmeasured common causes (con­ fo...