Discussions concerning which literacy skills will be required of students in the 21st century have appeared in numerous educational publications recently and have been greeted with mixed reactions (Bellanca & Brandt, 2010; Trilling & Fadel, 2009). It has been proposed that the skills necessary to be a literate citizen in the new millennium have expanded from simply being able to read and write ...

This volume marks a double anniversary. It is the 50th volume of Oriens Extremus, which has been published at the University of Hamburg since 1954. And its publication coincides with the 70th birthday of Hans Stumpfeldt, Emeritus Professor of Sinology at this university and long-time editor of Oriens Extremus. It is most fitting that this volume be dedicated to him, who has set the tone and tem...

with the growth of social,cultural and religious exchanges in the world, the translation of religious-islamic texts into german has been spreading in iran.in this way,there is a special sensitivity in translation that the translators face and difficulties which are sometimes insolvable.this sensitivity involves both the structure and content of the texts, because errors and mistakes in the tran...

Most spoken texts that are used in second language (L2) listening classroom activities are scripted texts, where the text is written, revised, polished, and then read aloud with artificially clear enunciation and slow rate of speech. This article explores the field’s overreliance on these scripted texts, at the expense of including unscripted spoken texts that have very different textual and ph...

This paper describes our submission to the Intent Discovery task at the NTCIR-9. By treating the source and target documents of anchor texts as nodes, we utilized the anchor texts between the nodes as edges in a documents–anchors graph representation of the corpus. We extracted and indexed anchor links information from the provided SogouT corpus. Using the queries, anchor texts are retrieved fr...

Parallel texts are texts in different languages that can be considered translational equivalent. We introduce the notion ‘massively parallel text’ for such texts that have translations into very many languages. In this introduction we discuss some massively parallel texts that might be used for the investigation of linguistic diversity. Further, a short summary of the articles in this issue is ...

We present results from evaluations of an automatic text summarization technique that uses a combination of Random Indexing and PageRank. In our experiments we use two types of texts: news paper texts and government texts. Our results show that text type as well as other aspects of texts of the same type influence the performance. Combining PageRank and Random Indexing provides the best results...

Aim of study: The aim of this paper is to compare differences in growth per hectare of species in pure and mixed stands as they result from different definitions of species proportions. Area of study: We used the data of the Spanish National Forest Inventory for Scots pine and beech mixtures in the province of Navarra and for Scots pine and Pyrenean oak mixtures in the Central mountain range an...

Four regional Scots pine ring-width chronologies at the northern forest-limit, and in the northern, middle and southern boreal forest belts in Finland cover the last fourteen centuries. Tree-ring statistics and response functions were examined, and tree-ring width variation was also compared to North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and volcanic forcing. The tree-ring statistics show evidence of an e...