the private area (privacy) is a humanitarian issue and one of the concepts of developed lawful systems which is closely related to human dignity. therefore, supporting and protecting the individuals' personalities and the citizens' rights requires protection of privacy, which leads to human signification. privacy is not clearly and meaningfully supported, in iranian law. like the posi...

Contemporary jurisdictions of continental Europe are familiar with the legal concepts of a contract in favour of a third-party beneficiary who is not present when the contract is entered into as well as the right of this third party to enforce such a contract. However, these concepts are not easily compatible with the principles of Roman private law. The Swiss Legislation on Obligations (Schwei...