homicide is one of the most important crimes in all countries statutory laws. such an importance is out of both of severity of the committed crime and difficulties in trial. these difficulties may cause to different and even paradoxical verdicts in the same case. this article is involved in one of these cases, i.e. homicide which has encountered to different judgments and is still open. brief r...

It is important to conserve the effectiveness of antifungal agents because the options for currently available agents are limited. Although echinocandins, which have been developed in recent decades, are highly active against a broad spectrum of fungi, one concern is their reduced activity against Candida albicans at high drug concentrations, which is known as the paradoxical effect. To date, r...

RATIONALE Chronic persistent cough can be associated with laryngeal dysfunction that leads to symptoms such as dysphonia, sensory hyperresponsiveness to capsaicin, and motor dysfunction with paradoxical vocal fold movement and variable extrathoracic airflow obstruction (reduced inspiratory airflow). Successful therapy of chronic persistent cough improves symptoms and sensory hyperresponsiveness...

Six of 284 patients treated with infliximab developed active tuberculosis. Four (67%) of these patients had a paradoxical response to antituberculous therapy. Physicians should be aware of the increased risk of a paradoxical response in this population and should consider the use of corticosteroids when a paradoxical reaction is suspected.

Paradoxical breathing or “paradoxical inward rib cage movements” without frank sleep apnea is a clinical description of the “upper airway resistance syndrome”. Upper airway resistance syndrome is thought to be a distinct entity and not just a part of the continuum of obstructive sleep apnea; paradoxical breathing in children appears to be a separate entity from the classic patient with marked a...

It is generally accepted that rapid eye movements (REM) are the most characteristic phenomenon of paradoxical sleep among birds and mammals. This is the reason why Dement and Kleitman (1957) who first described this kind of sleep, called it REM-sleep. The occurrence of REM during paradoxical sleep is fairly well described in humans (Mouret and Jeanne~od 1964, Gabersek and Scherrer 1969), monkey...