Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and innate immunity in neutrophilic asthma and idiopathic bronchiectasis We read with interest the article by Simpson et al relating parameters of innate immunity, particularly expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)2, TLR4, CD14, SP-A and cytokines interleukin (IL)8 and IL1b, to disease in neutrophilic asthma and bronchiectasis. We agree that there is much to be gai...

Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 and innate immunity in neutrophilic asthma and idiopathic bronchiectasis We read with interest the article by Simpson et al relating parameters of innate immunity, particularly expression of toll-like receptors (TLR)2, TLR4, CD14, SP-A and cytokines interleukin (IL)8 and IL1b, to disease in neutrophilic asthma and bronchiectasis. We agree that there is much to be gai...

two common single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) of the human tlr4 gene, namely asp299gly (d299g) and thr399ile (t399i), have been shown to impair the ability of certain individuals to respond properly to tlr4 ligands. 5-fluorouracil (5-fu) is widely used for the treatment of patients with advanced colon cancers. the present study examined the impact of two common polymorphisms of the tlr4 gen...

Polymorphisms Influence the Late Inflammatory Response in Human Endotoxemia, Claudia Marsik, Bernd Jilma, Christian Joukhadar, Christine Mannhalter, Oswald Wagner, and Georg Endler ( Department of Clinical Pharmacology and 2 Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostic, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; * address correspondence to this author at: Department of Clinical P...

BACKGROUND Endotoxins stimulate T helper 1 cell maturation and send a negative signal to T helper 2 polarisation. This causes a decrease IgE levels and prevents atopy (Hygiene hypothesis). It is shown that this response is under genetic control by polymorphisms in CD14 and TLR4 genes in some researchs. We aimed to investigate the effects of genetic variants of CD14 (-) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr3...

OBJECTIVES Toll-like receptors (TLRs) detect microbial infections and they can directly induce innate host defense responses. TLR 2 has been shown to be primarily involved in the recognition of peptidoglycans and lipoteichoic acid of gram positive bacteria. TLR 4 recognizes lipopolysaccharides and lipoteichoic acids from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Both mutations lead a reduc...

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease and major risk factor for severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection among preterm infants. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is involved in oxidative injury responses in the lungs. Two non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms in the TLR4 gene have been associated with RSV infection in children. However, it is unclear...