arabic language has etperienced many threats from the very time of the advent of islam up to now. these threats are doubled in the modern time. among these threats we can refer to the we of colloquialism or writing in latin alphabets forwhich somer have reactrd positively. specially in chatting. the output of this process haslead to creation of a language called .the language of chat. microsaft...

Risk and resilience are important paradigms for analyzing and guiding decisions about uncertain threats. Resilience has sometimes been favored for threats that are unknown, unquantifiable, systemic, and unlikely/catastrophic. This paper addresses the suitability of each paradigm for such threats, finding that they are comparably suitable. Threats are rarely completely unknown or unquantifiable;...