The paper discusses Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN) in the context of the commercial Internet. It presents possible threats to ECN and shows the gain malicious ECN sources could achieve from ECN subverting. Besides, the paper analyses the relationships between ECN and Service Level Agreements (SLAs).

This study investigated the effects of two types of written feedback – direct corrective feedback (DCF) and metalinguistic explanation (ME) - on Iranian EFL learners’ implicit and explicit knowledge of English definite and indefinite articles. Assigned to three groups of DCF, ME, and control groups, the participants took four tests in three testing phases: pretest, posttest, and delayed posttes...

An increasing amount of scientific work is performed in silico, such that the entire process of investigation, from experiment to publication, is performed by computer. Unfortunately, this has made the problem of scientific reproducibility even harder, due to the complexity and imprecision of specifying and recreating the computing environments needed to run a given piece of software. Here, we ...

This study investigated the effects of different output-based task repetition conditions on EFL learners’ speech act production. Three intact classes of English-major students constituted three instructional groups: (1) the explicit task-repetition (ETR) group, (2) the implicit task-repetition (ITR) group, and (3) the no-input task repetition (NTR) group. All the three groups engaged in t...

This study investigates the effect of four types of oral corrective feedback, namely, explicit elicitation, implicit elicitation, explicit recast and implicit recast on the most commonly mispronounced phonological features among Iranian EFL learners through immediate uptake and retention. Five classes were randomly categorized into four experimental groups and one control group, each with 18 in...

Nowadays, growing quantities of product models are created in industries. Usually, these models contain abundant design knowledge, either explicit or implicit, in various disciplines. As an approach to taking full advantage of the design knowledge embedded, model reuse plays an increasingly important part in complex product design and innovative design, in which enormous time and cost can be sa...

this study investigated the effectiveness of explicit pragmatic instruction on the acquisition of requests by college-level english as foreign language (efl) learners in taiwan. the goal was to determine first whether the use of explicit pragmatic instruction had a positive effect on efl learners’ pragmatic competence. second, the relative effectiveness of presenting pragmatics through two deli...

Almost two decades of research on unidirectional three-phase multilevel boost-type pulse width modulation (PWM) rectifiers have shown the benefits of employing this technology to comply with power quality standards while assuring high efficiency and low volume and weight. However, the unidirectional topologies directly derived from the conventional three-level bidirectional converters, such as ...

BDDC (Balancing Domain Decomposition by Constraints) methods, so far developed for two levels [3, 7, 8], are similar to the balancing Neumann-Neumann algorithms. However, the BDDC coarse problem is given in terms of a set of primal constraints and the matrix of the coarse problem is generated and factored by direct solvers at the beginning of the computation. The coarse component of the precond...