Empirical researchers often combine multiple instrumental variables (IVs) for a single treatment using two-stage least squares (2SLS). When effects are heterogeneous, common justification including IVs is that the 2SLS estimand can be given causal interpretation as positively weighted average of local (LATEs). This requires well-known monotonicity condition. However, we show with more than one ...

The study examined the factors that influence industrialization in Africa using annual panel data from 1990 to 2018. To avoid problems of endogeneity, we employed Two-Stage Least Square (TSLS) approach estimate significant determinants industrialization. We found foreign direct investment, total natural resources, and financial development significantly positively predicted Trade openness had a...

The design and fabrication process for a high performance manipulation stage for nanometer resolution TEM sample positioning over a 20 m range is presented. A two level, planar stage is moved in three translational and three rotational directions by just two types of actuators; three horizontal and three vertical combdrives. The vertical combdrives are suspended by optimally designed torsion-be...