Any attempt to assess species abundances must employ a sampling design that balances collection of accurate information for many species with a reasonable sampling effort. To assess the accuracy of commonly used within-site sampling designs for sessile species, we gathered cover data at 2 rocky intertidal locations in Southern California using a high-density point-contact method that maintained...

This paper provides an updated review of Monte Carlo simulation. The use of random sampling, its consequences in simulation, the use of descriptive sampling, its advantages, its limits and its improvement upon the precision of simulation estimates: Refined descriptive sampling. This state of the art gives also an insight into other sampling procedures used in the literature, like Ranked set sam...

The most common and conventional way to collect people’s opinions has always been random sampling and asking several survey questions by phone. For instance, if a news media is interested in how popular Obama is among Americans, it would probably call up a thousand people and ask how they would rate Obama. The data collected in this manner is considered a gold standard; there has been only few ...

introduction: according to psychological research female-headed households have a lot of physical and mental problems because they experience more stress and anxiety than other women in general population. aims of this study determine of quality of life and associated factors in female-headed households under cover welfare organization of ilam province.materials & methods: in this descripti...

This article develops a method of ratio estimate in fuzzy sense. By both the simple random sampling and stratified random sampling, we can obtain the ratio estimate in usual statistical sense. However, the sampling data may be ambiguous in some uncertain circumstance. To solve such kind of problem, we probe into the simple random sampling and stratified random sampling in fuzzy sense, obtain th...