Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4), initially identified as an LPS receptor, is critical to the signaling of a variety of danger signals, including heat shock protein 60, fibrinogen, and fibronectin. Recent data also suggest that TLR-4 plays a role in determining survival in both endotoxemia and hemorrhagic shock. We hypothesized that a functional TLR-4 would be required for hemorrhage and endotoxin-...

TLRs serve important immune and nonimmune functions in human intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Proinflammatory Th1 cytokines have been shown to promote TLR expression and function in IECs, but the effect of key Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) on TLR signaling in IECs has not been elucidated so far. We stimulated human model IECs with Th2 cytokines and examined TLR mRNA and protein expressio...

PREVIOUS PRESENTATION Portions of this study were presented at the Annual Congress of Société Française d'Anesthésie et de Réanimation in Paris, September 2012. BACKGROUND Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are promising therapy for the prevention of nosocomial infections in critical ill patients. We aimed to analyze the TLR-reactivity of circulating dendritic cells (DC) as assessed by cytokin...

PURPOSE To identify the distribution, differential Toll-like receptor (TLR) expression, and functional contribution of monocyte subpopulations in the inflammatory stage of Eales' disease (ED). METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from nine patients during the inflammatory stage of ED and nine age- and sex-matched healthy controls. The expression of CD14, CD16, TLR-2, and T...

Toll-like receptors (TLR) are an emerging family of receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and promote the activation of leukocytes and intrinsic renal cells. Ligands of the TLR include exogenous microbial components such as LPS (TLR4), lipoproteins and peptidoglycans (TLR1, -2, -6), viral RNA (TLR3), bacterial and viral unmethylated cytosin-guanosin dinucleotide (CpG)-...

Response, and Arteriosclerosis To the Editor: There is increasing evidence that Toll-like receptor (TLR)dependent signaling and cell activation is critically involved in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. The article by M. Kazemi et al impressively demonstrates that Toll-like receptor agonists induce lipid accumulation and proteins involved in atherosclerotic plaque development such as adipo...