OBJECTIVES There is a marked propensity for patients with acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure to develop sepsis, which may culminate in multiple organ failure and death. Toll-like receptors sense pathogens and induce inflammatory responses, but whether this is protective or detrimental in acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure remains unknown. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS We assesse...

BACKGROUND Toll-like receptors enable the host to recognize a large number of pathogen-associated molecular patterns such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, viral RNA, CpG-containing DNA and flagellin. Toll-like receptors have also been shown to play a pivotal role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The role of Toll-like receptors as a primary part of our microbe defense system has bee...

Objective(s): High Mobility Group Box1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone, DNA-binding protein that serves a crucial role in regulating gene transcription and is involved in a variety of proinflammatory, extracellular activities. The aim of this study was to explore whether HMGB1 stimulation can up-regulate the expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) on macrophages from p...

The paper defines the problem of pricing in general cargo by impact of toll in the first section. Different usage of a vehicle in individual transportation causes that it is not possible to calculate the toll uniformly for every cargo by constant price for the customer in the same transportation. The next part analyses the existing processes of the toll share for general transport described in ...

This research purposes to develop practical tools to evaluate the effects of ETC (Electric Toll Collection) system on road networks. In this paper, the analytical methodology to evaluate the capacity of toll plaza with ETC is proposed at first. Subsequently, two exiting simulation models, AVENUE and SOUND, are extended to estimate the total effects of ETC on road networks. After these two model...

Toll-like receptors comprise a family of cell surface receptors that play a crucial role in the innate immune recognition of both Drosophila and mammals. Previous studies have shown that Drosophila Toll-1 mediates the induction of antifungal peptides during fungal infection of adult flies. Through genetic studies, Tube, Pelle, Cactus, and Dif have been identified as downstream components of the...

The Capital Beltway HOT Lanes will be a 14 mile subset of the Washington, D.C. region‟s Capital Beltway (Interstate 495) upon completion in December 2012. Buses, carpools (HOV3+), motorcycles and emergency vehicles will be able to access the Capital Beltway HOT lanes for free while drivers with fewer than three occupants must pay a toll to use the HOT lanes. Upon opening, they will be among the...

Determination of dorsal/ventral polarity in Drosophila requires 12 genetically defined, maternally encoded proteins. These include Toll, a transmembrane receptor, Pelle, a ser/thr protein kinase and Tube, all of which function intracytoplasmically to initiate the cascade that ultimately activates Dorsal, an NF-kappaB family transcription factor. Here we describe biochemical interactions between...

The Toll receptor was first found to function in the dorsoventral patterning pathway of Drosophila embryos. It is activated by a specific protein ligand, Spätzle, generated at ventral positions in the early embryo. Drosophila Toll (dToll) also functions in innate immune responses to Gram-positive bacteria and fungi, and Spätzle is required for this response. We have shown that Spätzle is necess...