Women’s participation in the labor force has increased substantially over the past half century. In 1930, 10 million women were in the labor force. They represented 24 percent of all working age women and 22 percent of the total work force. By 1955 the number of women workers had doubled, and their labor-force paticipation rate had risen to 36 percent. By 1979 the number had more than quadruple...

roasting is the common shape of pistachio nuts processing and the purpose of this process is to increase the total acceptability of products. the aim of this study was the effects of hot air roasting temperatures (90, 120 and 150°c), times (20, 35 and 50 min) and air velocities (0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 m/s) on textural attributes (fracture force, hardness, apparent modulus of elasticity and compressio...

There is evidence that the stretch-induced residual force enhancement observed in skeletal muscles is associated with 1) cross-bridge dynamics and 2) an increase in passive force. The purpose of this study was to characterize the total and passive force enhancement and to evaluate whether these phenomena may be associated with a slow detachment of cross bridges. Single fibers from frog lumbrica...

Superimposition of electrical stimulation during voluntary contractions is used to produce functional movements in individuals with central nervous system impairment, to evaluate the ability to activate a muscle, to characterize the nature of fatigue, and to improve muscle strength during postsurgical rehabilitation. Currently, the manner in which voluntary contractions and electrically elicite...

When one finger changes its force, other fingers of the hand can show unintended force changes in the same direction (enslaving) and in the opposite direction (error compensation). We tested a hypothesis that externally imposed changes in finger force predominantly lead to error compensation effects in other fingers thus stabilizing the total force. A novel device, the "inverse piano", was used...

The external knee adduction torque has been proposed as a surrogate measure for medial compartment load during gait. However, a direct link between these two quantities has not been demonstrated using in vivo measurement of medial compartment load. This study uses in vivo data collected from a single subject with an instrumented knee implant to evaluate this link. The subject performed five dif...

in this paper a new method based on strut-and-tie model (stm) is proposed to determine the shear capacity of simply supported rc deep beams and an efficiency factor for concrete with considering the effect of web reinforcements. it is assumed that, the total carried shear force by rc deep beam provided by two independent resistance, namely diagonal concrete strut due to strut-and-tie mechanism ...

background: this randomized trial was undertaken to investigate the effect of experimentally induced allergy on orthodontic induced root resorption. materials and methods: a total of 30 wistar rats were divided randomly into test and control groups. starting from the first 3 days, the rats in the test group were injected intra-peritoneally by 2 mg ovalbumin as allergen and 0.5 mg alume as adjuv...

The random-force (Larkin) model of a directed elastic string subject to quenched random forces in the transverse directions has been a paradigm in the statistical physics of disordered systems. In this Brief Report, we investigate a modified version of the above model where the total transverse force along the polymer contour and the related total torque, in each realization of disorder, vanish...

We studied the effects of fatigue of the index finger on indices of force variability in discrete and rhythmic accurate force production tasks performed by the index finger and by all four fingers pressing in parallel. An increase in the variance of the force produced by the fatigued index finger was expected. We hypothesized that the other fingers would also show increased variance of their fo...