Evaluation of xenobiotic-induced changes in gene expression as a method to identify and classify potential toxicants is being pursued by industry and regulatory agencies worldwide. A workshop was held at the Research Triangle Park campus of the Environmental Protection Agency to discuss the current state-of-the-science of "immunotoxicogenomics" and to explore the potential role of genomics tech...

Despite the lack of formal immunotoxicity testing guidelines, the assessment of immune function has been a routine component of toxicity testing for over twenty years. The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products (EMEA) and The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have recently adopted new guidelines for immunotoxicity testing of new medicinal products. These two guidelines are...

cardiac disorders remain one of the most important causes of death in the world. oxidative stress has been suggested as one of the molecular mechanisms involved in drug-induced cardiac toxicity. recently, several natural products have been utilized in different studies with the aim to protect the progression of oxidative stress-induced cardiac disorders. there is a large body of evidence that a...

Generally, multiple statistical analysis methods can be applied for certain kind of data, and conclusion could differ, depending on the selected statistical method. Therefore, it is necessary to fully understand the performance of each statistical method and to examine which method is appropriate to use and to standardize statistical methods for toxicity studies to be carried out routinely. Sev...

Background: Quantum dots are commonly composed of cadmium contained semiconductors. Cadmium is potentially hazardous but toxicity of such quantum dots is not yet systematically investigated. On the other hand, in vitro studies have shown almost complete control of CdSe induced cytotoxicity by ZnS coverage. Toxicity of CdSe quantum dots and controlling this toxicity by ZnS coverage in immature m...

Guidelines for developmental toxicity studies require that the highest dose(s) should induce some signs of maternal toxicity. However, the interpretation of the results is often difficult when developmentally toxic effects are recorded only at maternotoxic doses, as it is impossible to ascertain whether the developmental effects are maternally mediated or not. In order to avoid this source of m...