Consider the solution of a boundary-value problem for steady linear elasticity in which the computational domain contains one or several holes with traction-free boundaries. The presence of holes in the material can be approximated using a weak material; that is, the relative density of material ρ is set to 0 < = ρ 1 in the hole region. The weak material approach is a standard technique in the ...

For implementation of the free surface boundary condition, a new subroutine has been introduced to an existing steady 3-D body fitted code. This code was previously written for steady flow simulation in closed ducts. The algorithm used in this subroutine reduces the instability problem according to the free surface wave generation. For code validation, it was applied to two different open cha...

Animal traction has supported humans in most field operations since the origin of agriculture. With the introduction of mechanization, humans gained access to much more work power at similar management costs and were able to significantly increase the productivity and time efficiency of field operations. This achievement completely changed food production systems for all populations able to acc...

In this study, the thermoelastic behavior of a thick-walled homogeneous cylinder based on Lord-Shulman theory is investigated. It assumed that inner and outer surfaces are traction-free, surface insulated while subjected to time-dependent internal temperature load. The governing equations in coupled form solved with pseudospectral Chebyshev method. numerical approach validated benchmark results...

A theory for multiple scattering of elastic waves is presented in a heterogeneous plate bounded by two flat free surfaces, whose horizontal size is infinite and whose transverse size is smaller than the mean free path of the waves. We derive a time-dependent, quasi-two-dimensional radiative transfer equation (i.e., two horizontal dimensions with a finite number of vertical mode) that describes ...

Tractions that cells exert on their substrates are essential in cell spreading, migration, and contraction. These tractions can be determined by plating the cells on a flexible gel and measuring the deformation of the gel by using fluorescent beads embedded just below the surface of the gel. In this article we describe the image correlation method (ICM) optimized for determining the displacemen...

Locations of subglacial lakes discovered under fast-moving West Antarctic ice streams tend to be associated with topographic features of the subglacial bed or with areas that have strong variations in basal conditions. Inversion of ice-stream surface velocity indicates that basal conditions under ice streams can be highly variable and that there can be widespread regions where basal traction is...

In this paper, the four integral identities satisfied by the fundamental solution for elastostatic problems are reviewed and slightly different forms of the third and fourth identities are presented. Two new identities, namely the fifth and sixth identities, are derived. These integral identities can be used to develop weakly singular and nonsingular forms of the boundary integral equations (BI...

The traction forces exerted by an adherent cell on a substrate have been studied only in the two-dimensions (2D) tangential to substrate surface (Txy). We developed a novel technique to measure the three-dimensional (3D) traction forces exerted by live bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) on polyacrylamide deformable substrate. On 3D images acquired by confocal microscopy, displacements were...

A method for kinematics modeling of a six-wheel Rocker-Bogie mobile robot is described in detail. The forward kinematics is derived by using wheel Jacobian matrices in conjunction with wheel-ground contact angle estimation. Te inverse kinematics is to obtain the wheel velocities and steering angles from the desired forward velocity and turning rate of the robot. Traction Control also developed ...