the present meta-analysis was conducted to provide a quantitative measure of the overall effects of task complexity on chinese efl learners’ language production. based on the strict inclusion criteria, 12 primary studies were synthesized according to key features. eleven of them were meta-analyzed to investigate effects of raising the resource-directing task complexity. results revealed that ...

We tested the hypothesis that greater cavitation resistance correlates with less total inter-vessel pit area per vessel (the pit area hypothesis) and evaluated a trade-off between cavitation safety and transport efficiency. Fourteen species of diverse growth form (vine, ring- and diffuse-porous tree, shrub) and family affinity were added to published data predominately from the Rosaceae (29 spe...

Globalization may have different impacts on the gender wage gap depending on the specialization and trade pattern as well as the socio-economic situation. The main purpose of this paper is to examine an impact of globalization on gender wage inequality. Specifically, the hypothesis is that globalization reduces gender wage gap. For this, we have employed a panel technique for 21 selected develo...

In tropical forests light and water availability are the most important factors for seedling growth and survival but an increasing frequency of drought may affect tree regeneration. One central question is whether drought and shade have interactive effects on seedling growth and survival. Here, we present results of a greenhouse experiment, in which seedlings of 10 Ghanaian tree species were ex...

We investigate the risk–return trade-off on US and European stock markets. non-linear with a special eye to tails of returns using quantile regressions. first consider market portfolio. find that is significantly positive at upper tail (0.9 quantile), where large excess returns. The as expected from asset pricing models. For lower (0.1 for negative returns, negative. Additionally, median (0.5 i...

We investigate the risk-return trade-off on US and European stock markets. non-linear with a special eye to tails of returns using quantile regressions. first consider market portfolio. find that is significantly positive at upper tail (0.9 quantile), where large excess returns. The as expected from asset pricing models. For lower (0.1 for negative returns, negative. And median (0.5 insignifica...