Abstract The 1.5 °C target for global warming calls evaluating short-term (30–50 years) climate change mitigation with different forests usage. In the current scientific literature and in public debate, there are contrasting views on how should be managed to maximize total benefit, including use of products changes carbon pools. Three major factors influence conclusions studies: (a) time horizo...

Trade-offs among species' ecological interactions is a pervasive explanation for species coexistence. The traits associated with trade-offs are typically measured to mechanistically explain species coexistence at a single spatial scale. However, species potentially interact at multiple scales and this may be reflected in the traits among coexisting species. I quantified species' ecological trai...

The fitness of an evolutionary individual can be understood in terms of its two basic components: survival and reproduction. As embodied in current theory, trade-offs between these fitness components drive the evolution of life-history traits in extant multicellular organisms. Here, we argue that the evolution of germ-soma specialization and the emergence of individuality at a new higher level ...

In designing software systems, security is typically only one design objective among many. It may compete with other objectives such as functionality, usability, and performance. Too often, security mechanisms such as firewalls, access control, or encryption are adopted without explicit recognition of competing design objectives and their origins in stakeholders’ interests. Recently, there is i...