BACKGROUND Head and neck movements may cause vascular compression that produces a syndrome of vertebrobasilar insufficiency. Vertebrobasilar circulation was examined noninvasively in two patients who were able to provoke these symptoms repeatedly on demand. CASE DESCRIPTIONS Blood flow velocities in the basilar artery (case 1) and both posterior cerebral arteries (both cases) were measured co...

Introduction. Patients with β-thalassemia intermedia have a higher incidence of thromboembolic events compared to the general population. Previous studies have shown that patients with sickle cell disease, who are also prone to ischemic events, have higher intracranial arterial blood flow velocities measured by transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD). The aim of this study is to evaluate intracra...

OBJECTIVE In patients with medically intractable partial epilepsy of mesiotemporal origin, video electroencephalographic monitoring with foramen ovale electrodes is necessary to plan neurosurgical interventions. Imaging of these electrodes after implantation hitherto required conventional radiography, magnetic resonance imaging, or computed tomography of the skull. These methods are expensive. ...

Parkinson disease (PD) is associated with nigral degeneration and striatal dopamine deficiency. Demonstrating midbrain structural abnormalities with transcranial sonography or diffusion-weighted MRI or showing striatal dopamine terminal dysfunction with PET or SPECT supports the diagnosis and rationalizes the use of dopaminergic medications. In atypical PD variants, transcranial sonography can ...

n the last decade, transcranial sonography became the traditional diagnostic approach to Parkinson disease in all studies performed to date, as described since 1999.1–7 The first article published by Becker et al8 in 1995 described only semiquantitative assessment of the substantia nigra. After image freezing, the midbrain is zoomed 2or 3-fold, and the hyperechoic area is measured at its larges...

BACKGROUND Structural abnormality of the substantia nigra can be detected by transcranial sonography in neuropsychiatric disorders such as Parkinson disease and restless legs syndrome. We investigated echogenicity of the substantia nigra as a potential structural marker for dysfunction of the nigrostriatal dopamine system in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHO...

PURPOSE To determine the usefulness of transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in detecting occlusion of the horizontal portion of the middle cerebral artery. METHODS Using transcranial color-coded real-time sonography, we measured the end-diastolic flow velocity with incident angle correction and the side-to-side ratio of the end-diastolic flow velocity (the end-diastolic ratio) in bot...

METHODS: During a 24-month study, out of 756 patients with acute ischemic stroke 33 (4.4%) were scheduled for early CEA. Endarterectomy procedures were distinguished according to the time between the onset of stroke and operation as emergency (within 8 hours), early CEA (1-18 days). Patients with impaired consciousness or an infarct larger than 2.5 cm on computed tomographic (CT) or magnetic re...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Diagnosis and successful therapy before rupture of cerebral aneurysms would be most desirable in view of the high mortality and morbidity rates of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Using transcranial color-coded duplex sonography, we studied radiologically proven cerebral aneurysms to define ultrasonographic criteria and sensitivity for their diagnosis and detection. ...

Both biophysical and neurophysiological aspects need to be considered to assess the impact of electric fields induced by transcranial current stimulation (tCS) on the cerebral cortex and the subsequent effects occurring on scalp EEG. The objective of this work was to elaborate a global model allowing for the simulation of scalp EEG signals under tCS. In our integrated modeling approach, realist...