The expression of inhibitory immune checkpoint molecules, such as programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1, is frequently observed in human cancers and can lead to the suppression T cell-mediated responses. Here, we apply expanded CRISPR-compatible (EC)CITE-seq, a technology that combines pooled CRISPR screens with single-cell mRNA surface protein measurements, explore molecular networks regulate PD-L1 ...

The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensing enzyme that once activated, promotes energy production and limits energy utilisation to ensure cellular survival. In addition to targeting numerous metabolic enzymes for this purpose, it is becoming apparent that AMPK can also regulate a number of transcriptional processes. These processes ensure cell survival through the inhibition o...

In Chapter 12 we saw how DNA is transcribed into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. We also described the sequence elements that constitute a promoter—the region at the start of a gene where the enzyme binds and initiates transcription. In bacteria the most common form of RNA polymerase (that bearing 70) recognizes promoters formed from three elements—the “ 10”, “ 35”, and “UP” elements— and we ...

Spirochetes belong to a widely diverse family of bacteria. Several species in this family can cause a variety of illnesses including syphilis and Lyme disease. Despite the fact that the complete genome sequence of two species, Borrelia burgdorferi and Treponema pallidum, have been deciphered, much remains to be understood about spirochetal gene regulation. In this review we focus on the environ...

Objective(s):OCT4 is a transcription factor required for pluripotency during early embryogenesis and the maintenance of identity of embryonic stem cells and pluripotent cells. Therefore, the effective expression regulation of this gene is highly critical. UTR regions are of great significance to gene regulation. In this study, we aimed to investigate the potential regulatory role played by 5´UT...

Transcriptional regulation by transcription factors and post-transcriptional regulation by microRNAs constitute two major modes of regulation of gene expression. While gene expression motifs incorporating solely transcriptional regulation are well investigated, the dynamics of motifs with dual strategies of regulation, i.e., both transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, have not been...

Objective(s): Valproic acid (VPA) has proven to be as one of the most promising useful drug with anticancer properties.In this study, we investigate the VPA effects on E-cadherin expression in HeLa, TC1, MKN45, and HCT116 cell lines.  This study assesses the effects of VPA on human papillomavirus E7 expression in HPV positive cell lines. Materials and Methods: Cell lines were treated by2 mmol/...

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are widely available transcription products of more than 200 nucleotides with unrecognizable coding potential. A large number lncRNAs have been identified in different plants. involved various basic biological processes at the transcriptional, post-transcriptional and epigenetic levels as key regulatory molecules, including regulation flowering time reproductive o...