Abstract The recent observation of 4 He favors a large lepton asymmetry at the big bang nucleosynthesis. If Q-balls with charge decay after electroweak phase transition, such can be generated without producing too baryon asymmetry. In this scenario, dominate universe before and induces sharp transition from early matter-dominated era to radiation-dominated era. gravitational waves (GWs) are enh...

and accessibility that distance education offers. This growth, however, has been a mixed blessing since it derives from using the Internet without fully taking advantage of personalized instruction and learning that the telecommunication and computer nexus offers. Thus, many institutions are disregarding the most valuable aspect of digital technologies in education. lum through information and ...

I discuss briefly the history of the origin of life field, focusing on the "Miller" era of prebiotic synthesis, through the "Orgel" era seeking enzyme free template replication of single stranded RNA or similar polynucleotides, to the RNA world era with one of its foci on a ribozyme with the capacity to act as a polymerase able to copy itself. I give the history of the independent invention in ...

In order to reconcile the present resurgence of psychiatric neurosurgery with the not-too-distant historic transgressions in the field, one needs to examine the era of transition from crude art to regulated science. In large part, this transition took place in the 1970s with the continued development and widespread acceptance of stereotactic techniques in functional neurosurgery and several har...

It has been hypothesized that in the era just before the last universal common ancestor emerged, life on earth was fundamentally collective. Ancient life forms shared their genetic material freely through massive horizontal gene transfer (HGT). At a certain point, however, life made a transition to the modern era of individuality and vertical descent. Here we present a minimal model for stochas...