in the present study, fe3o4 super paramagnetic nanoparticles were synthesized via co-precipitation of fe3+ and fe2+ chloride salts in the presence of ammonia solution. the product was characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ft-ir), transmission electron microscopy (tem), and zeta–potential particle size distributing methods. the synthetic procedure of nano iron oxides were opt...

in trading electrical energy in deregulated power systems, violation of operation constraints such as transmission lines flow limits is possible. these conditions have been called “congestion”. one of the most important responsibility of independent system operator (iso) is congestion management in a manner that all the system equipments be operated in their nominal ranges. in this paper, usi...