Melasma is a challenging chronic skin condition associated with hyperpigmentation and unknown aetiology. This scoping review maps evidence of available treatments their effectiveness in darker types. A comprehensive, systematic online search was conducted Scopus, PubMed, CINAHL Complete, Cochrane, ScienceDirect, Web Science Core Collection. All eligible titles were exported to an EndNote20 libr...

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) is one of the most common types of pediatric epilepsy. It is generally treated with ethosuximide (ESM), valproic acid (VPA), or lamotrigine (LTG), but the efficacy and adverse effects of these drugs remain controversial. This study compared initial therapy treatment outcomes, including VPA-LTG combination, and assessed clinical factors tha...

We thank Dr Swanson for his detailed analysis of our article.1 In recent years, aesthetic surgeons have been heavily biased toward the vertical scar breast reduction technique. Horizontal breast reduction has generally been excluded from the literature. None of the articles referenced in Dr Swanson’s letter include horizontal reduction, thus rendering most of the comments inapplicable. Our stud...

A pseudosarcomatous myofibroblastic proliferation is an unusual and a rare benign lesion which arises from the bladder submucosal stroma and is easily mistaken for a malignant neoplasm, clinically, radiologically and histologically. By definition, the tumour is composed of a dominant spindle cell proliferation with a variable inflammatory component. These spindle cells are now known to be myofi...

Background and aim: Solar lentigines are common sun-induced benign melanocytic proliferations that present a significant cosmetic problem for many middle- aged and elderly patients. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of cryotherapy in comparison to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) 33% on solar lentigines on the back of the hands (SLBH).Materials and Methods:...