introduction climate change happens due to abnormal changes of climate within the earth’s atmosphere and their consequences. one of the most significant effects of climate change is the irreversible damage to some floral species and forest ecosystems. tree species reflect the impact of climate changes on their ring width. generally, tree rings vary in size each year depending upon the environme...

Herbivores can alter plant physiology through the induction of abnormal wood formation. Feeding by some insects induces the formation of false rings, a band of thick-walled latewood cells within the earlywood portion of the tree ring that reduces water transport. Hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) and elongate hemlock scale (Fiorinia externa Ferris) are invasive insects that both f...

Although tree-ring stable carbon (?13C) and oxygen (?18O) isotopes are increasingly used for climate reconstructions, it remains unclear whether isotopic ratios from the two chemical elements different tree species exhibit age-related trends that require removal prior to any paleoclimatic interpretation. Here, we present 2,355 ?13C 2,237 ?18O decadal measurements of living relict Scots pines (P...

Information about historic fire regimes and the departure of current fire regimes from historic conditions is essential for guiding and justifying management actions, such as prescribed burning programs for ecosystem process restoration and fuel reduction. Such information is noticeably lacking for the southern Appalachian Mountains, where human populations are encroaching onto wildland areas, ...

........................................................................................................................................................43 Introduction...................................................................................................................................................43 Previous Work .....................................................................

Long records of tree-ring maximum latewood density (MXD) measurements in conifers have been successfully employed to reconstruct summer temperature changes globally. Yet, the potential MXD as a proxy semi-arid, low-latitude regions for reconstructing either or hydroclimate variability remains largely unexplored. Here, we developed data set Chinese pine from semi-arid northern China, and investi...

For maintaining of Zagros forests role in wild life, water and soil conservation, the suitable solutions and methods for assessing the existing conditions and planning for management of this forests should be given. To detection of suitable sampling method to study tree Diameter at Breath Height in the northern Zagros forest, Blake forest, in Baneeh region, Kurdistan province, and west of Iran ...

For maintaining of Zagros forests role in wild life, water and soil conservation, the suitable solutions and methods for assessing the existing conditions and planning for management of this forests should be given. To detection of suitable sampling method to study tree Diameter at Breath Height in the northern Zagros forest, Blake forest, in Baneeh region, Kurdistan province, and west of Iran ...