The supreme court didn’t make the gradation on evidence law in process of enforcement first stage/pre-trial (investigation and introgation) second stage/trial (prosecution verdict). Meanwhile, provisions article 184 KUHAP is related with next 185, 186, 187, 188, 189 KUHAP. That proves that legal for stage/ trial process. research method used this normative research. approach statutory approach,...

The courts, legal practitioners, scholars, and social scientists have longrecognized that judges' behavior, both verbal and nonverbal, may have importanteffects on trial processes and outcomes. For example, appellatecourts have cautioned repeatedly that juries in criminal trials accord even themost subtle behaviors of the judge great weight and deference. One judgeconcluded that juries "can be ...

This article considers two issues in relation to the criminal transmission of HIV. Currently, the use of condoms, and a defendant's viral load, has not been an issue that has been raised in the courts. The article considers how the defence, prosecution and judge may deal with such evidential issues. It will discuss how an expert opinion may be utilised or discredited by counsel for the defendan...