Four different compression/impression floras are preserved in only 4.32 m of the geologic section in the Early Permian Shanxi Formation of the Wuda District of Inner Mongolia, northwestern China. These floras represent four different plant communities and landscapes that followed each other in time. The oldest flora was rooted in sandy clay and initiated peat accumulation that lead to the forma...

Abstract Volcanic tuffs and sandstones have been used as natural building stones in the construction of monuments buildings over millennia human history. Progressive weathering time (e.g., temperature fluctuations, moisture uptake, variations humidity, precipitation, input modern-day pollutants or salt crystallization) lead to damages internal structure stone. Scaling layer-parallel flaking roc...

The sustainability goals of the developing world have led many industries to recycle their wastes and reduce emitting greenhouse gases. To contribute these environmental responsibilities, this study has focused on development eco-friendly binder materials from regional ground tuff marble by activation Na2SiO3 NaOH or slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). results show that alkali-activated composites tend expa...