We describe a case of severe pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 in a woman receiving the tumor necrosis factor-α antagonist to treat rheumatoid arthritis. As use of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors increase, clinicians should consider their possible association with legionellosis.

BACKGROUND Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis is a common and often fatal gastrointestinal disease, especially in premature infants. To study potential mechanisms underlying the protective effect of breast milk on neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis, we induced intestinal inflammation in a Caco-2 cell model of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis by hypoxia/re-oxygenation to investigate whether br...

background: infl ammatory cytokines such as interleukin-6 (il-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-α) are elevated in end-stage renal disease (esrd). il-6 and tnf-α are toxins which deteriorate renal function, and their pathogenic role has been confi rmed in cardiovascular and oral diseases. this study was designed to investigate the salivary levels of il-6 and tnf-α in patients with esrd un...