abstract: mineral scaling in oil and gas production equipment is one of the most important problem that occurs while water injection and it has been recognized to be a major operational problem. the incompatibility between injected and formation waters may result in inorganic scale precipitation in the equipment and reservoir and then reduction of oil production rate and water injection rate. ...

The oil price and the real effective exchange rate (REER) are two important variables affecting OPEC countries politics and economy. Despite the fact that the existing theoretical literature confirms the relationship between oil price and the exchange rate (Dollar), there is no consensus about the direction of causality between these two variable. Also, statistical data shows that there is a sy...

Different viewpoints have been expressed on the effects of foreign exchange rate fluctuations on Iran's productions. Given the importance of this issue on policymaking and the possibility of affecting the production through foreign exchange rate, this paper tries to examine the relationship between foreign exchange rates and gross domestic products in Iran's economy by ARDL method within 1959-2...