In multiagent systems, interaction protocols are usually enforced by law. Enforcement is problematic among computational agents, because they may operate under incomplete or different laws, the laws may not be uniformly enforced, and the agents can vanish easily. This paper presents an enforcement free method for carrying out exchanges so that both agents are motivated to abide to their contrac...

A study on gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) among 200 married women in Malappruam, Kerala, India, chose to exclude married women below the age of 18 from participation. Marriages before age 18 are not considered legally valid and persons below age 18 do not have the status of an adult. Parents are considered the legal guardians of married women under age 18, but because marriages are patrilo...

Abstract Article 11a(1) UCP Directive obliges the Member States to provide individual rights for consumers harmed by unfair commercial practices. This new provision is intended ensure that have access proportionate and effective remedies, including compensation damage suffered and, where relevant, a price reduction or termination of contract. Although laws against competition in Germany Austria...

The legal status of trademarks comes into attention in the sphere production goods as a means individualization. trademark owner is also particularly important order to determine trademark. It trademark, who determines fate In other cases, such civil contractual relations, or use by way unfair competition, becomes unique subject regulation. A individualization, belonging specific type product p...

Little is known about the positive emotional impact of fairness or the process of resolving conflict between fairness and financial interests. In past research, fairness has covaried with monetary payoff, such that the mental processes underlying preference for fairness and those underlying preference for greater monetary outcome could not be distinguished. We examined self-reported happiness a...

OBJECTIVES This study investigates first- and fourth-year medical students' perceptions about health care disparities and compares their perceptions with those of physicians and the public. METHODS We conducted an analysis of a national survey of medical students that included questions addressing unfair treatment of patients in the health care system based on insurance status, money, English...

The neural correlates of rejection in bargaining situations when proposing a fair or unfair offer are not yet well understood. We measured neural responses to rejection and acceptance of monetary offers with event-related potentials (ERPs) in mid-adolescents (14-17 years) and early adults (19-24 years). Participants played multiple rounds of the Ultimatum Game as proposers, dividing coins betwe...

This study examined racial socialization processes among 94 African American parents of third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade children as they were predicted by children’s ethnic identity exploration and unfair treatment as well as by parents’ ethnic identity and discrimination experiences. Findings indicated that children’s ethnic identity exploration and parents’ perceptions that their children ha...

We investigate the labor market effects of reestablishment workers’ right to reinstatement for unfair dismissals, which occurred in 2002 Peru. Using data from Household Surveys 2004 2015, and Specialized Employment Survey 1998–2001, we estimate a series quasi-experimental difference-in-difference models permanent temporary hiring. evaluate potential rights on private sector with respect non-pri...