although russian studies existed in world academies in preceding centuries in different styles, it was only in the second half of the 20th century that major academic centers in europe and the united states paid serious attention to understanding the soviet :union: and its current developments by attracting some emigrant soviet authors and scientists. for these academic centers, recognizing the...

At the 20th Congress of the Communist party of the Soviet Union, held in Moscow in February, 1956, the sixth five-year plan was presented and accepted. Such plans extend into all walks of life in the U.S.S.R. but particularly in fields of applied science, not the least of which has been the program for work in the medical sciences. This pattern is characteristic of the Soviet Union, and one can...

This paper analyzes the economic foundations of a one-party political regime, where the ruling bureaucracy captures rents through collective control over state property and job assignment. Stability of such a regime and the potential for endogenous institutional change are key issues in the transition to market economy and democracy in former socialist and many developing countries. Our model o...

The consequence of establishing new Polish state borders after the Second World War was mass resettlement citizens pre-war Republic (II Rzeczpospolita) from so-called Kresy – now newly established Lithuanian, Belarusian and Ukrainian republics Soviet Union to People’s (Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa). 240,000 Poles, who left Lithuanian Socialist as part post-war resettlement, were only a group ov...

Ongoing climate change can shift organism phenology in ways that vary depending on species, habitats and factors studied. To probe for large-scale patterns associated phenological change, we use 70,709 observations from six decades of systematic monitoring across the former Union Soviet Socialist Republics. Among 110 events related to plants, birds, insects, amphibians fungi, find a mosaic defy...

The system of extracurricular education in the Soviet Union had a high level institutional development and sustainability, which ensured universal coverage children with activities their accessibility. After collapse USSR, former republics built sectors based on heritage search for national identity organization time upbringing. This study compares current state all 15 countries Union. results ...

ISHRAT HUSAIN The decade of 1970s in Pakistan witnessed a massive redistribution of national assets from the private owners to the state. The reason underlying the then Government’s thinking for this extremely radical action was that the national wealth was being concentrated in the hands of few families and the rich were getting richer and the poor getting poorer. It was asserted by the propon...

Why are some countries stupendously rich and others horrendously poor? Social theorists have been captivated by this question since the late 18th century, when Scottish economist Adam Smith addressed the issue in his magisterial work The Wealth of Nations. Smith argued that the best prescription for prosperity is a free-market economy in which the government allows businesses substantial freedo...

In this reporting procedure (April 2022–September 2022) 1 , we present three cases before the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and one case Committee Social (ECSR). 2 All ECtHR concern pension claims. The first is Savickis Others v Latvia (App no 49270/11), dealing with payment employment pensions in to ‘permanently resident non-citizens’. For these citizens, Latvian legislation did not t...

The Caucasus has seen numerous crises since the region gained independence following the collapse of the Soviet Union. Some of these crises have not been resolved yet as evidenced by recent Russia-Georgia conflict. This paper seeks to analyze such crises within the framework of significant geopolitical changes unfolded by the collapse of the Soviet Union. The author argues that in the post-Sovi...