Urban residents are at risk of health-related illness during extreme heat events but the dangers are not equal in all parts of a city. Previous studies have found a relationship between physical characteristics of neighborhoods and the number of emergency medical response (EMR) calls. We used a human energy budget model to test the effects of landscape modifications that are designed to cool th...

This paper describes the conversion of TüBa-D/Z, one of the major German constituency treebanks, to Universal Dependencies. Besides the automatic conversion process, we describe manual annotation of a small part of the treebank based on the UD annotation scheme for the purposes of evaluating the automatic conversion. The automatic conversion shows fairly high agreement with the manual annotations.

The present article describes the conversion of the Catalan and Spanish AnCora treebanks to the Universal Dependencies formalism. We describe the conversion process and assess the quality of the resulting treebank in terms of parsing accuracy by means of monolingual, cross-lingual and cross-domain parsing evaluation. The converted treebanks show an internal consistency comparable to the one sho...

Social media data are increasingly used as the source of research in a variety of domains. A typical example is urban analytics, which aims at solving urban problems by analyzing data from different sources including social media. The potential value of social media data in tourism studies, which is one of the key topics in urban research, however has been much less investigated. This paper see...

This paper discusses the use of Universal Dependency for annotations of a Native North American language Arapaho (Algonquian). While some relations of the universal dependency perfectly correspond with those in Arapaho, language specific annotations of verbal arguments elucidate problems of assuming certain syntactic categories across languages. By critiquing the influence of grammatical struct...

Urban and regional planning is a notion that encompasses the whole set of social activities aimed at anticipating, representing and regulating the development of an urban or a regional area. It thus articulates intellectual activities of study and prospective, of social and economic forecasting with more concrete activities such as infrastructure programming, land reservation and land use regul...

This paper analyzes the absolute convergence of urban electricity productivity in China during 1990–2011, applying Spatial Error Smooth Transition Auto-regression Model, and examines the spatial effect in convergence process. Then it analyzes the stage characteristics of electricity productivity convergence during the process of electricity market reformation and the conditional convergence whi...

Global cities, the command and control centres of the integrated world economy, are facing a sustainability paradox of greater global competition and greater environmental pressure. This study explores the policy approaches to the sustainability paradox by integrating environmental sustainability and economic competitiveness into the development strategy for “the global city”, based on a case s...

The Universal Dependencies (UD) Project seeks to build a cross-lingual studies of treebanks, linguistic structures and parsing. Its goal is to create a set of multilingual harmonized treebanks that are designed according to a universal annotation scheme. In this paper, we report on the conversion of the Uyghur dependency treebank to a UD version of the treebank which we term the Uyghur Universa...