UNLABELLED Urea diffuses across the terminal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) via a facilitated transport pathway. To examine the mechanism of transcellular urea transport, membrane-apparent urea (Purea) and osmotic water (Pf) permeabilities of IMCD cells were measured by quantitative light microscopy in isolated IMCD-2 tubules perfused in the absence of vasopressin. Basolateral membrane ...

urea synthesised in the body.2 The discrepancy could result not only from the hydrolysis of urea in the gut but also from excretion of urea in the skin. A significant proportion of N released from hydrolysis of urea in the gut is also known to be recycled into urea or excreted as ammonia in the breath. In healthy adults with a normal protein intake about 20% of synthesised urea is not excreted ...

CONTEXT The standard doses of (13)C-urea in (13)C-urea breath test is 75 mg. OBJECTIVE To assess the diagnostic accuracy of (13)C-urea breath test containing 25 mg of (13)C-urea comparing with the standard doses of 75 mg in the diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection. METHODS Two hundred seventy adult patients (96 males, 174 females, median age 41 years) performed the standard (13)C-urea...

BACKGROUND Many metabolic changes develop in patients with chronic kidney disease which often necessitate frequent biochemical analysis of blood. Saliva analysis as an alternative to blood has many advantages. The aims of this study were to evaluate levels of salivary creatinine and urea in patients with chronic kidney disease in comparison to healthy individuals; to determine correlation betwe...

Urea is the most abundant solute in the urine in humans (on a Western-type diet) and laboratory rodents. It is far more concentrated in the urine than in plasma and extracellular fluids. This concentration depends on the accumulation of urea in the renal medulla, permitted by an intrarenal recycling of urea among collecting ducts, vasa recta and thin descending limbs, all equipped with speciali...

Urea, a polar molecule with a large dipole moment, not only destabilizes folded RNA structures but can also enhance the folding rates of large ribozymes. Unlike the mechanism of urea-induced unfolding of proteins, which is well understood, the action of urea on RNA has barely been explored. We performed extensive all-atom molecular dynamics simulations to determine the molecular underpinnings o...

The rate of unidirectional [14C]urea efflux from human red cells was determined in the self-exchange and net efflux modes with the continuous flow tube method. Self-exchange flux was saturable and followed simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics. At 38 degrees C the maximal self-exchange flux was 1.3 X 10(-7) mol cm-2 s-1, and the urea concentration for half-maximal flux, K1/2, was 396 mM. At 25 degre...

A new type of controlled release fertilizers coated with polyurea was prepared. The granulated urea was firstly changed into a liquid urea by heating as the coating liquid. By spraying uniformly the urea was coated with the polyurea synthesized by the reaction of isocyanates with a liquid urea. The effects of different modifiers on N release characteristics of polyurea-coated urea (PCU) were st...

The combination of nitrogen recovery and pharmaceutical removal processes for livestock urine treatment were investigated to suppress the discharge of pollutants and recover nitrogen as resources. We combined methylene urea synthesis from urea and adsorption and photocatalytic decomposition of sulfonamide antibiotic using rotating advanced oxidation contactor (RAOC) contained for obtaining both...