The present study was conducted to provide toxicological data on e-cigarette vapours of different e-cigarette brands and liquids from systems viewed as leaders in the e-cigarette market and to compare e-cigarette vapour toxicity to the toxicity of conventional strong high-nicotine cigarette smoke. Using an adapted version of a previously constructed cigarette smoke constituent sampling device, ...

A microprocessor-controlled anaesthetic vaporizer is described. Fresh gas is mixed in the correct proportions using two pulsed solenoid valves and a proportion of this passes through a third pulsed solenoid valve and is bubbled through liquid halothane. The temperature of the liquid agent is measured and the pulse frequency is modified to give the correct vapour concentration for the set flow r...

The saturation vapour pressure of {x BF3 + (1−x)n-C4H10} has been measured at 195.49 K. The system shows large positive deviations from Raoult’s law and liquid–liquid immiscibility over a wide composition range whose limits have been estimated as 0.39±0.03 < x > 0.9785. The excess molar Gibbs energies (Gm) have been calculated as a function of composition from the vapour pressure data. For the ...

Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, FI-00076 Aalto www.aalto.fi Author Piia Haimi Name of the doctoral dissertation Vapour liquid equilibrium measurements with three methods: static total pressure, circulation still and inert gas stripping Publisher School of Chemical Technology Unit Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Technology Series Aalto University publication series DOCTORAL DISSERTATI...

Membrane distillation (MD) has received much attention in recent years as an alternative technology for the removal of volatile compounds from industrial waters. The microporous hydrophobic membrane utilised in MD allows only vapour passing through and the process selectivity is essentially determined by the liquid-vapour equilibrium conditions existing at the liquid-membrane interface. In this...

We study the effects of nuclear polarization M on the liquid-gas equilibrium phase diagram of 3He, in situations where the saturating vapour pressure increases or decreases as a function of M, and where a metamagnetic instability may occur in the liquid phase. Numerical predictions are given within the frame of a phenomenological model with parameters fitted to reproduce accurately the saturati...

We present simulation results addressing the phenomenon of colloidal gelation induced by attractive interactions. The liquid–gas transition is prevented by the glass arrest at high enough attraction strength, resulting in a colloidal gel. The dynamics of the system is controlled by the glass, with little effect of the liquid– gas transition. When the system separates into liquid and vapour phas...

We present a combined experimental/computational study of the near-edge x-ray absorption fine structure of the liquid water surface which indicates that molecules with acceptor-only hydrogen bonding configurations constitute an important and previously unidentified component of the liquid/vapour interface. A detailed microscopic picture of the liquid water surface underlies many important pheno...

Pinning of a solid–liquid–vapour interface by stripes of obstacles. Abstract We use a macroscopic Hamiltonian approach to study the pinning of a solid–liquid–vapour contact line on an array of equidistant stripes of obstacles perpendicular to the liquid. We propose an estimate of the density of pinning stripes for which collective pinning of the contact line happens. This estimate is shown to b...