This paper examines the hypothesis that the persistence of low spatial and marital mobility in rural India, despite increased growth rates and rising inequality in recent years, is due to the existence of sub-caste networks that provide mutual insurance to their members. Unique panel data providing information on caste loans and sub-caste identification are used to show that households that out...

A nowhere-zero 3-flow in a graph G is an assignment of a direction and a value of 1 or 2 to each edge of G such that, for each vertex v in G, the sum of the values of the edges with tail v equals the sum of the values of the edges with head v. Motivated by results about the region coloring of planar graphs, Tutte conjectured in 1966 that every 4-edge-connected graph has a nowhere-zero 3-flow. T...

Chromium is a frequently encountered material in modern nanofabrication, directly as functional (e.g., photomask generation) or indirectly hard mask to etch quartz). With the continuous downscaling of devices, control feature size patterned Cr and CrOx becomes increasingly important. etching typically performed using chlorine–oxygen-based plasma chemistries, but nanoscale imposes limitations. I...

This work deals with solid–vapor equilibria and solid–liquid–vapor of carbon dioxide in mixtures interest for natural gas purification biogas upgrading. Experimental data available the literature are reviewed an algorithm solving isobaric–isothermal flash coupled to a phase stability analysis is presented, which does not require a-priori knowledge number type phases existing at equilibrium. The...