In some climates, massive buildings made of stone, masonry, concrete, earth and … can be utilized as one of the simplest and most effective ways of reducing building heating and cooling loads. Very often such savings could be achieved in the design stage of the building and with a relatively low-cost. Such declines in building envelope heat losses combined with optimized material configurati...

The question of what differentiates architecture and building has been raised many times in Architecture Theory, with various responses or explanations – usually under the precondition that architecture is something more. Space is the Machine makes a contribution to this discussion by elaborating some of the ways in which architecture becomes socially significant and how this differs from the v...

This paper presents a comprehensive review of low-carbon materials and construction techniques commonly used in vernacular buildings. The study highlights the relevance architecture context shift towards sustainable practices. A combination climatic zone map, language type continent map is to identify regions. Eight bio-based materials, including wood, adobe, rammed earth, cob, sod, thatch, bam...