During a study on the genetic control of winterhardiness in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. group aestivum), a gene that affected vernalization was found on chromosome 3B in the winter wheat cultivar ;Wichita.' When chromosome 3B from Wichita was substituted into the winter wheat cultivar ;Cheyenne,' the resultant substitution line exhibited a spring growth habit. This is unusual since a cro...

Growth and development are modulated by environmental signals in many organisms. These signals are often perceived at one stage and 'remembered' until later in development. An increasingly well-understood example of this process in plants is provided by vernalization, which refers to the acquisition of the ability to flower after prolonged exposure to cold. In Arabidopsis thaliana, vernalizatio...

for the reproductive success of plants. Plants need to gauge when both environmental and endogenous cues are optimal before undergoing the switch from vegetative to reproductive development. To achieve this, a complex regulatory network has evolved consisting of multiple pathways that quantitatively regulate a set of genes—the floral pathway integrators (Simpson and Dean 2002). The activity of ...

BACKGROUND O-linked beta-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of proteins mediates stress response and cellular motility in animal cells. The plant lectin concanavalin A can increase nuclear O-GlcNAc levels and decrease cytoplasmic O-GlcNAc levels in T lymphocytes. However, the functions of O-GlcNAc signaling in plants, as well as the relation between plant lectins and O-GlcNAc in respon...

Adaptation to latitudinal patterns of environmental variation is predicted to result in clinal variation in leaf traits. Therefore, this study tested for geographic differentiation and plastic responses to vernalization in leaf angle and leaf morphology in Arabidopsis thaliana. Twenty-one European ecotypes were grown in a common growth chamber environment. Replicates of each ecotype were expose...

Vernalization, the promotion of flowering by a prolonged period of low temperature, results in repression of the floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and in early flowering. This repression bears the hallmark of an epigenetic event: the low expression state is maintained over many cell division cycles, but expression is derepressed in progeny. We show that the two stages of the response of ...

Studies of natural genetic variation for the vernalization requirement in Arabidopsis have revealed two genes, FRIGIDA and FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), that are determinants of the vernalization-requiring, winter-annual habit. In this study, we show that FLOWERING LOCUS C EXPRESSOR-LIKE 4 (FLL4) is essential for upregulation of FLC in winter-annual Arabidopsis accessions and establishment of a vern...

Long exposure to cold (vernalization) accelerates flowering in winter cereals, a process regulated by the VRN1 (approximately AP1), VRN2, and VRN3 (approximately FT) vernalization genes. Flowering during the fall is prevented by the VRN2 downregulation of VRN3 and low VRN1 transcription. Vernalization induces VRN1, which is followed by the downregulation of VRN2, thereby releasing VRN3. In the ...

Aim. To determine the influence of alternative alleles Ppd-D1 gene and phenotypic differences in duration need for vernalization their interaction on earing time grain yield recombinant lines bread winter wheat. Methods. Growing plants field vegetation site, PCR with specific primers Ppd-B1c genes, phenological observations, artificial vernalization, statistical analysis. Results. 136 F7 from c...