Theories suggesting either static or dynamic productivity gains derived from exports often assume the prior existence of a perfect market. In the presence of market failure, however, the competition effect and the resource reallocation effect of exports on productive efficiency may be greatly reduced; and there may actually be disincentives for innovation. This paper analyses the impact of expo...

Assessment and policy design for sustainability in primary resources like arable land and water need to adopt long-term perspective; even small but persistent effects like net export of water may influence sustainability through irreversible losses. With growing consumption, this virtual water trade has become an important element in the water sustainability of a nation. We estimate and contras...

This paper builds a model of two types of Chinese exports, those processed and assembled laregely from imported inputs ("processed" exports) and "nonprocessed" exports. Based on this model, the sensitivity of Chinese exports to exchange rate changes is empirically examined. Unlike previous work, the estimation period includes the net real appreciation of the renminbi that has occurred over the ...

[1] Global food security increasingly relies on the trade of food commodities. Freshwater resources are essential to agricultural production and are thus embodied in the trade of food commodities, referred to as ‘‘virtual water trade.’’ Agricultural production predominantly relies on rainwater (i.e., ‘‘green water’’), though irrigation (i.e., ‘‘blue water’’) does play an important role. These d...

This paper applies dynamic specification approach and error correction model form to construct a quarterly foreign trade model of China at the aggregate level for the period of 1992-2004. The empirical results indicate China’s imports and exports depend on each other both in the long run and short run, which reflects the special and importance role of processing trade in China. Imports respond ...

Each of the world's largest retailers---Walmart, Carrefour, Tesco, and Metro---entered China after 1995. Their subsequent expansion in China may have influenced Chinese exports through two channels. First, they may have enhanced bilateral exports between the retailers' Chinese operations and destination countries also served by stores in the retailers' networks. Second, Chinese city-level expor...

By using the data of Chinese manufacturing enterprises between 1999 and 2009, the specialization and diversification of China’s exports are calculated. The relationship between financial development and the specialization of export and diversification of exports were studied by using dynamic panel data. It is found that financial credit development could significantly improve specialization of ...

One of the most striking economic trends over the past two decades has been the widening gap between interprovincial and international trade (Chart 1). Between 1981 and 1989, interprovincial exports in nominal terms failed to keep pace with GDP, dropping steadily from 27 per cent of GDP to 22.2 per cent. At the same time, international exports declined, but more gradually, slipping from 28.2 pe...

Subsidies and Exports in Germany: First Evidence from Enterprise Panel Data We use newly available representative panel data for manufacturing enterprises in West and East Germany to investigate the link between production-related subsidies and exports. We document that only a small fraction of enterprises is subsidized, and that exports and subsidies are positively related. Using a matching ap...