“Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a Cube, and a Sphere of the same metal, and nighly of the same bigness, so as to tell, when he felt one and t’other, which is the Cube, which the Sphere. Suppose then the Cube and Sphere placed on a Table, and the Blind Man to be made to see. Quære, whether by his sight, before he touched them, he could now...

In this paper, I use two new data sets to demonstrate that black federal judges are consistently overturned on appeal more often than white judges. The racial gap is robust and persists after taking into account previous professional and judicial experience, educational backgrounds, qualification ratings assigned by the American Bar Association, and differences in partisanship. This study is th...

What are cavefish? Like other cave-dwelling animals, fish that live in caves have often lost their eyes and body colour, but the evolutionary mechanisms underlying these reductions are unknown. There are 86 species of cavefish that belong to 18 different families, and many of them have lost their eyes independently. Comparing cavefish to their free-living ancestors can thus help us understand c...

Echolocation, while a useful skill for visually impaired people, is difficult to learn because humans naturally suppress environmental echoes. However, if the echoes are enhanced compared to environmentally normal echoes, they may therefore help to ease echolocation learners into the learning process. Blind and sighted participants discriminated enhanced echoes in two 2-interval forced choice (...

“Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a Cube, and a Sphere ..., so as to tell, when he felt one and t’other, which is the Cube, which the Sphere. Suppose then the Cube and Sphere placed on a Table, and the Blind Man to be made to see. Quære, whether by his sight, before he touched them, he could now distinguish, and tell, which is the Globe, wh...

“Suppose a man born blind, and now adult, and taught by his touch to distinguish between a Cube, and a Sphere..., so as to tell, when he felt one and t’other, which is the Cube, which the Sphere. Suppose then the Cube and Sphere placed on a Table, and the Blind Man to be made to see. Quære, whether by his sight, before he touched them, he could now distinguish, and tell, which is the Globe, whi...

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