A new coronavirus infection poses a challenge to infectious disease specialists, health care administrators, and subspecialty physicians in the search for most eff ective treatment options. The past year has allowed us clarify main aspects of pathogenesis with focus on severe versions COVID-19 course. Most signifi cant is understand that course associated prolonged viremia T-cell lymphocyte def...

vitamin d is important for the development, growth, and mineralization of the skeletal in neonates and children. vitamin d is essential for intestinal absorption of calcium. vitamin d is metabolized to 25-hydroxyvitamin d and then to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d. pregnant women in developed countries often have insufficient serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin d and a supplementation of vitamin...

Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has been used to treat humans for nearly 40 years; it was fi rst given in 1968 for an infant with a severe combined immune defi ciency who was unable to reject a graft and then a year later in 1969 for a patient with leukemia who had been given lethal total body irradiation. In both cases genetically HLAidentical siblings were used and gave bone marrow. T...

For nearly half a century, parenteral iron has been considered dangerous and for use only in extreme situations and when oral iron was not tolerated. This proscription was based largely on poorly characterised and infrequent anaphylactoid reactions to the high-molecular-weight dextran preparation (Imferon) that for most of this time was the only product available. Moreover, when parenteral iron...

Th e aim of this study was to compare the genetic variation of fi ve local chicken breeds reared in Poland. Twenty-seven microsatellite markers were investigated in 138 birds belonging to fi ve breeds: Miniature Cochin (MCO), Gold Italian (GI), Green Legged Partridge (GLP), Silver Italian (SI) and White Leghorn (WL). One hundred eighty fi ve alleles were detected in the overall population, with...

Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) are a group of rare genetic disorders within the larger family of lysosomal diseases. MPSs disorders are caused by a defi ciency in the activity of a specifi c lysosomal enzyme required for the degradation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). MPS type II, also called Hunter syndrome consists in a defi ciency of an enzyme, iduronate-2-sulphatase. We present a rare case of H...

In the future, due to limited resources, a crisis of energy storing molecules (fuels), which are currently produced from crude mineral oil, is expected. One strategy to compensate a part of the oil defi ciency is the production of biodiesel from microalgal lipids. As model microorganism for lipid production microalgae Euglena gracilis was selected and photo-mixotrophic cultivation was performed...

The massive levels of energy required by the kidneys to do their job of fi ltering what is needed or not needed may come down to one particular protein called apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). According to Coughlan et al. (p. 1085), defi ciencies of AIF may explain many aspects of kidney disease and particularly diabetic nephropathy. Animal and human studies reveal that AIF defi ciency results i...

backgrounds: vitamin d deficiency is a public health concern even in sunny areas, so we decided to assess the prevalence of vitamin d deficiency and its related factors among university students in shiraz. methods: this cross‑sectional study was carried out on 254 (128 male and 126 female) university students. demographic questionnaires and a questionnaire on exposure to sun light and sun prote...