Single-molecule spectroscopy can monitor transitions between two microscopic states when these transitions are associated with the emission of photons. A general formalism is developed for obtaining the statistics of such transitions from a microscopic model when the dynamics is described by master or rate equations or their continuum analog, multidimensional reaction-diffusion equations. The f...

Functionally flexible systems for organizing work may reduce job instability and insecurity by reducing employers’ reliance on job cuts or contingent work to respond to changes in their environments. Related arguments hypothesize that contingent work allows firms to adjust labor while “buffering” their core of permanent workers from job instability. We find evidence that internally flexible wor...

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an important site of adaptive changes in thermogenesis in the rat. The sympathetic nervous system, which richly supplies BAT, is thought to play an important role in the regulation of BAT thermogenesis because catecholamines stimulate and beta adrenergic blocking agents inhibit oxygen consumption in this tissue. The present studies were carried out to assess direct...

We give a simple explicit formula for turnover reduction when a large number of alphas are traded on the same execution platform and trades are crossed internally. We model turnover reduction via alpha correlations. Then, for a large number of alphas, turnover reduction is related to the largest eigenvalue and the corresponding eigenvector of the alpha correlation matrix.

More police reduces crime but little is know about the mechanism. Does more police deter crime by reducing its attractiveness, or is the reduction driven by an incapacitation of recurrent criminals? This paper exploits micro-level data on single robberies together with redeployments of two police forces within a city, providing first evidence of (negative) incapacitation that is driven by reduc...