Herbal waste of processed medicinal plants of a local pharmaceutical industry was pretreated by steam explosion (160C for 0.5 – 2.0 h), and the process was accelerated by the use of Conc. H2SO4 (0.5 – 2.0%, 160 C for 0.5 – 2.0 h), NaOH (0.5 – 2.0%, 160C for 0.5 – 2.0 h). Significant increase in the content of reducing sugars was found after acid/alkali pretreatment of steam exploded herbal biom...

The present review article makes an attempt to comprehensively review various aspects of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions globally. Nevertheless, some residues have negative effects...

Using dark fermentation, hydrogen can be generated from renewable organics including waste materials. Key to successful application of anaerobic fermentation is to uncouple liquid and biomass retention times in reactor system. This paper reviews reactor configurations (fixed-bed, fluidized-bed, upflow anaerobic sludge blanket and continuous stirred tank reactors) and operating processes (batch,...

barrels of oil equivalent (boe) The total energy content of a non-petroleum-based product or fuel in GJ divided by 5.904 6.115 GJ/boe. biodiesel The methyl or ethyl esters of transesterified triglycerides (lipids, fats, cooking greases) from biomass. biofuel A solid, gaseous, or liquid fuel produced from biomass. biogas A medium-energy-content gaseous fuel, generally containing 40 to 80 volume ...

The oleaginous yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides Y2 was employed to remove waste nutrients from bioethanol wastewater while simultaneously producing biomass enriched in microbial lipids. Under optimal conditions, the COD degradation ratio, biomass and lipid content reached 72.3%, 3.8 g/l and 34.9%, respectively. For accelerating biomass and lipid accumulation, different feeding strategies of subs...

Biomass mainly in the form of wood is the oldest form of energy used by humans. Biomass generally means a relatively dry solid of natural matter that has been specifically grown or has originated as waste or residue from handling such materials. The thermochemical conversion of biomass (pyrolysis, gasification, combustion) is one of the most promising non-nuclear forms of future energy. In the ...

Among the various types of agricultural waste, significant amounts of energy can be obtained from woodchips derived from comminuted pruning residues. This study aimed to assess the feasibility of using kiwi orchard clear-cut biomass for energy production. The field trial was conducted in a commercial kiwi (Actinidia chinensis) orchard located in Northwest Italy. We evaluated the biomass yield, ...

Microbial biomass having 46% crude protein content and enriched with essential amino acids as well as extracellular xylanase activity (100-150 IU/ml) was produced by an efficient fungal strain, Penicillium janthinellum (NCIM St-F-3b). Optimization studies for maximum xylanase and biomass production showed that the fungus required a simple medium containing bagasse hemicellulose as carbon source...

Independence of the limited fossil fuel supplies as a main source of energy and chemicals remains a highly attractive perspective [1]. Biomass of the second to fourth generation constitutes a possible solution. Due to its recalcitrant nature, its conversion is however not trivial. Moreover, molecules obtained from biomass need further upgrading which is mostly done by hydrogenation, with fossil...