A fiel experiments was laid out in agricultural research farm, city Namin, Ardabil province, Iran in 2013. Experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with seven treatments and three replication. Foliar spray treatments urea solution at a rate of 1, 2 and 3% (in two stages, the first stage a month after transplanting when they had reached 10 cm in height to 20 days after the first s...

Urea and GdmCl are widely used to denature proteins at high concentrations. Here, we used MD simulations to study the denaturation mechanisms of helical peptide in different concentrations of GdmCl and urea. It was found that the helical structure of the peptide in water simulation is disappeared after 5 ns while the helicity of the peptide is disappeared after 70 ns in 2 M urea and 25 ns in 1 ...

A combination of simulations and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the effect of three ionic solutes ~KCl, NaCl, and KSCN!, the polar solute urea, and the osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide ~TMAO! on a water structure. The ionic solutes increase the mean water– water H-bond angle in their first hydration shell concomitantly shifting the OH stretching mode to higher freque...

The mechanism of the denaturing effects of urea and the guanidinium ion on proteins is still an unsolved and important problem in protein chemistry. Changes in the hydrogen bond network of water in the first hydration shell of urea and guanidinium were analyzed in terms of the random network model using Monte Carlo simulations. Bulk water consists of two populations of hydrogen bonds: a predomi...

The white-edge freshwater whip ray Himantura signifer can survive in freshwater (0.7 per thousand ) indefinitely or in brackish water (20 per thousand ) for at least two weeks in the laboratory. In freshwater, the blood plasma was maintained hyperosmotic to that of the external medium. There was approximately 44 mmol l(-1) of urea in the plasma, with the rest of the osmolality made up mainly by...

wheat straw, as an animal feed source, is of a low nutritional value, which can be enriched through a process of urea treatment. this process is the rewetting of the straw to the point of increasing its moisture content up to 30-50 percent using urea solution. the conventional method of treatment is a laborious, tedious and time consuming task. to facilitate this process some of these operation...

The amphiphilic osmolyte trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is commonly found in natural organisms, where it counteracts biochemical stress associated with urea in aqueous environments. Despite the important role of TMAO as osmoprotectant, the mechanism behind TMAO's action has remained elusive. Here, we study the interaction between urea, TMAO, and water in solution using broadband (100 MHz-1.6 THz...

this experiment was conducted to improve the nutritive value of barley stubble for two consecutive years. after harvesting crop, at first year, a completely randomized design, with a 3 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted in which 27 plots were divided into nine treatments. the treatments including zero, 2.5 and five percent urea each with zero, three and six percent molasses were mixed with ...

The effect of urea on the oviposition behaviour of culicine vectors of Japanese encephalitis was studied in rice fields. Gravid females had a strong preference for oviposition in urea treated areas in rice fields, while no such preference was exhibited in untreated areas. The egg laying declined in the area where urea treated water surface had a mechanical barrier, which allowed volatile fracti...

I. In eight females, serum urea concentrations of 134-336 ml\l/l. were interpreted as indications of previous environmental salinities. 2. Fetal serum solute concentrations usually resembled those of the mother, but in two cases where fetal urea was higher, it was interpreted as a lag in urea reduction following movement from salt to fresh water. 3. Uterine fluid was similar to maternal serum i...