in this work, a green, simple and highly efficient procedure for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes is described. the condensation of indoles with carbonyl compounds catalyzed by citric acid in water affords bis(indolyl)methanes in high yields and relatively short reaction times. the advantages of this method are using of water as a low cost solvent and efficient recyclability of the catalyst.

laboratory studies were conducted to compare the relative fitness of clodinafop-propargyl herbicide resistant lolium rigidum accessions with their clodinafop-propargyl susceptible counterparts in 2014. factors evaluated were lolium populations at constant salinity stress (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ds cm2) and water stress (0, -3, -6, -9, -12 and -15 bar). the maximum germination in salinity stres...

water quality trading (wqt) is a novel framework for surface water quality management. this research studies the optimal waste load allocation (wla) in regard based on bod parameter in downstream of sefidrud river. for this purpose, the river is simulated by qual2kw software and the total maximum daily loads (tmdls) required are determined. the impact factors of pollutes are also specified usin...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: Cost structure DEA models Efficiency Wastewater Water reuse Benchmarking methodology In light of the growing importance of water reuse as an alternative source of water resources in many regional areas, the objective of this paper is to analyse the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants as a basic requisite to improve the potential of the water reuse. The anal...

Uranium contamination of groundwater increasingly concerns rural residents depending on home wells for their drinking water in communities where uranium is a source of contamination. Established technologies to clean up contaminated aquifers are ineffective in large contaminated areas or are prohibitively expensive. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are a low-cost alternative to these methods....

In recent years, rapid development has been achieved in technologies and sensors related to autonomous driving assistive technologies. this study, low-cost light detection ranging (LiDAR) was used estimate leaf water content (LWC) by measuring LiDAR reflectance instead of morphological measurement (e.g., plant size), which is the conventional method. Experimental results suggest that reflection...