1. Source of contaminant release into the environment. 2. Environmental media (including groundwater, surface water, air, soil, sediment, household dust, biota) serve to move contaminants from the source to points where human exposure can occur. 3. Point of exposure (a location where humans contact a contaminated medium, such as a playground, water body, well water, and food services). 4. Route...

The brain maintains its mass and physiological functional capacity compared with other organs under harsh conditions such as starvation, a mechanism termed the 'selfish brain' theory. To further investigate this phenomenon, mice were examined following water and/or food deprivation. Although the body weights of the mice, the weight of the organs except the brain and blood glucose levels were si...

Disinfection with chlorine and chloramine leads to the formation of many disinfection by-products including N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Because NDMA is a probable human carcinogen, public health officials are concerned with its occurrence in drinking water. The goal of this study was to estimate NDMA concentrations from exogenous (i.e., drinking water and food) and endogenous (i.e., formed i...

People can survive several days without food, but just a few days without water. People buy bottled water for a variety of reasons, including convenience, fashion, and taste or because they think it is safer than tap water. The taste of the water has to do with the way it is treated and the quality of its source, including its natural mineral content. However, taste does not always indicate saf...

world population has already exceeded 6.5 billion, out of which about 850 million (13 percent) are undernourished. with the current growth rate, the world community faces even a greater challenge of hunger and food security as the estimated the population will catch 9 billion by the year 2050 with doubled needs for food. at the same time, preservation of biodiversity, stopping deforestation and...

Two episodes of El Tor cholera outbreak occurred in Tumpat, Kelantan between the 13th of January and the 16th of May 1990. Every case and carrier reported were investigated to determine the source and mode of transmission and to identify specific preventive measures to break the chain of transmission. There were 109 cases and 85 carriers involved in this study. The first episode of one case onl...

climate change around the world is now a reality that has adverse effects on the environment and human health. there is little information about the effect of climate change on food systems, especially seafood from the farm to the table. the aim of this study was to review the fundamental effects of climate change on seafood safety and human health. climate change is expected to increase chemic...

OBJECTIVES We investigated a shigellosis outbreak in an elementary school to identify the source of infection, mode of transmission and risk factors for illness. METHODS In a case-control investigation, we compared the source of drinking water, consumption of untreated well water and suspected food items, and hygienic habits between case-students and randomly selected asymptomatic control-stu...

An increasing demand for food together with a growing demand for energy crops result in an increasing demand for and competition over water. Sugar cane, sugar beet and maize are not only essential food crops, but also important feedstock for bio-ethanol. Crop growth requires water, a scarce resource. This study aims to assess the green, blue and grey water footprint (WF) of sweeteners and bio-e...

phytoplankton and zooplankton concentrations in pishin reservoir are predicted employing a three-dimensional numerical model in this paper. modeling is performed using a numerical model based on mass transport equation. advection, diffusion and source/sink processes are considered as separate subroutines for predicting the concentrations of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the reservoir. finite...