BACKGROUND There are concerns that altered thyroid functioning could be the result of ingesting too much fluoride. Community water fluoridation (CWF) is an important source of fluoride exposure. Our objectives were to examine the association between fluoride exposure and (1) diagnosis of a thyroid condition and (2) indicators of thyroid functioning among a national population-based sample of Ca...

China's water resources are under increasing pressure from socioeconomic development, diet shifts, and climate change. Agriculture still concentrates most of the national water withdrawal. Moreover, a spatial mismatch in water and arable land availability--with abundant agricultural land and little water resources in the north--increases water scarcity and results in virtual water transfers fro...

OBJECTIVE There is much controversy over the fluoridation of community water supplies. This study surveyed the informational content of internet sites on the World Wide Web (WWW) regarding water fluoridation. METHODS One hundred websites were identified and 59 were evaluated with a 6 point scoring system using predetermined criteria. RESULTS Of these 59 sites, 54% recommend water fluoridati...

Community water supply programmes in developing countries frequently utilise wells or boreholes equipped with handpumps as the technology of choice. Whilst simple targets concerning numbers of wells to be drilled, or villages to be served, are often prominent, the wider objectives of such programmes are rarely expressed in quantified terms, and as a consequence programme impact is often disappo...

Water resource crises are an increasing threat to human survival and development. To reveal the nature of water resource issues under changing situations, the water resources system needs to be studied from a macro and systematic perspective. This report develops a water resources system into a water resources compound system that is constantly evolving under the combined action of the developm...

Wells screened across multiple aquifers can provide pathways for the movement of surprisingly large volumes of groundwater to confined aquifers used for public water supply (PWS). Using a simple numerical model, we examine the impact of several pumping scenarios on leakage from an unconfined aquifer to a confined aquifer and conclude that a single inactive multi-aquifer well can contribute near...

INTRODUCTION: Textile industry (and especially its part focused on the dyeing process) belongs among important sources of contamination responsible for the continuous pollution of the environment. The production of textile industry, as well as the volume of waste water containing processed textile dyes, steadily increases. The release of dyes into the environment constitutes only a small propor...

This study illustrates the application of a random strong line (RSL) model of radiative transfer to the interpretation of satellite observations of the upwelling radiation in the 6.3 µm water vapor absorption band. The model, based upon an assemblage of randomly overlapped, strongly absorbing, pressure broadened lines, is compared to detailed radiative transfer calculations of the upper (6.7 µm...

In order to assess water efficiency options on the European scale, a multi-criteria integrative hydro-economic modeling framework has been developed. With this framework, it is possible to assess combinations of measures which could help reducing the gap between water demand and water availability, while taking into account ecological, water quality, flood risk and economic aspects. The assesse...

In this study, the water flow and nitrate transport to a subsurface drain, using a simplified and detailed model, are simulated for the specific hydro-geological conditions of Elverdinge and Assenede, Belgium. Previously, the DRAIN MOD-N model proved to be able to simulate nitrate concentrations and drainage well for an in-situ leaching experiment, the “Hooibeekhoeve” in the community of Geel (...