Water is a limited resource and essential for agriculture, industry and creatures existence on earth including human beings. Water quality monitoring is essential to control physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water. In addition, water quality monitoring can help with water pollution detection and discharge of toxic chemicals and contamination in water. A large number of inexpe...

A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a specialized wireless network that composes of a number of sensor nodes deployed in a specified area for monitoring environment conditions such as temperature, air pressure, humidity, light, motion or vibration, and so on. The sensor nodes are usually programmed to monitor or collect data from surrounding environment and pass the information to the base stati...

This paper proposes a distributed measuring system based on wireless sensor networks (WSN) employed to estimate vegetation water content in agricultural fields. A WSN deployed along the whole field permits to measure and map soil, air and plant variables and transmit these data, by small radios, to a central computer. Water content is obtained by measuring the attenuation of the network communi...

This paper proposes a smart water grids network (SWGN) architecture that combines the advantages of fog computing, internet things (IoT), long range wide area (LoRaWAN), and Software-defined networking (SDN). The main aims SWG are to optimize data routing monitor supply quality in real-time. SWGN handles vast amount is collected by IoT devices from different points related quality. processed di...

<p>In the recent years, wireless sensor network technology (WSN) has been widely adopted in precision agriculture for determining needs of soil term water by monitoring some environmental parameters. To do this, WSN is constructed using several nodes; these small sensing devices are prone to failure and may produce erroneous measurements. ensure good management freshwater, service quality...

Control of drinking water networks is an arduous task given their size and the presence of uncertainty in water demand. It is necessary to impose different constraints for ensuring a reliable water supply in the most economic and safe ways. To cope with uncertainty in system disturbances due to the stochastic water demand/consumption, and optimize operational costs, this paper proposes three st...

Abstract The wireless sensor network, WSN, is a promising technology to make our social life better. However, the maintenance of battery attached each node avoids WSN widely be used. zero standby-power (ZSSN) extends by eliminating standby power, but they impose high cost and burdens because has its own module. This paper proposes wired-wireless hierarchical network consisting small group ZPSNs...

This paper presents an assessment on the suitability of a low-profile planar antenna for a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) application monitoring the water supply at Fire Hydrants (FHs). The antenna must have a low profile so that it can be mounted on the FH lid; it must have an omnidirectional radiation pattern so that it can communicate with base stations at low elevations; and it must operate ...

Optimization design of water supply pipe network is important with the development of economy and the increasingly fast urbanization process. Harmony search algorithm for the optimal design of water supply networks provides a better nonlinear optimization method. The improved strategy of the dynamic harmony memory size is proposed, through the optimization computation to water supply pipe netwo...

Long-term, reliable, continuous and real-time weather climatic data are essential for efficient management sustainable use of natural resources. This paper describes the station network (WSN) Agricultural Research Council (ARC) South Africa, including information on instrumentation, retrieval processing protocols, calibration maintenance as well applications collected data. To this end, WSN ARC...